Table 1 Some of the uniquely different cloudless DLR regression models considered in this study

Brunt [17]

\( \left(0.605+0.048{e}^{\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.}\right)\sigma {T}^4 \)

2

Efimova [35]

(0.746 + 0.0066e)σT⁴

3

Swinbank [111]

(5.31 × 10⁻¹³)T⁶

4

Idso and Jackson [49]

(1 − 0.261 × exp(−7.77 × 10⁻⁴ × (273 − T)²)) σT⁴

5

Maykut and Church [69]

(0.7855)σT⁴

6

Brutsaert [18]

1.24(e/T)^1/7σT⁴

7

Satterlund [99]

1.08[1 − exp(−e^T/2016)]σT⁴

8

Idso [48]

\( 0.179\left[{\mathrm{e}}^{\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$7$}\right.}\times \exp \left(350/\mathrm{T}\right)\right]\sigma {T}^4 \)

9

Idso [48]

[0.70 + 5.95 × 10⁻⁵ × e × exp(1500/T⁴)]σT⁴

10

Prata [89]

\( \left[1-\left(1+46.5\ \left(\raisebox{1ex}{$e$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$T$}\right.\right)\right)\times \exp \left(-{\left(1.2+3\times 46.5\times \raisebox{1ex}{$e$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$T$}\right.\right)}^{\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.}\right)\right]\sigma {T}^4 \)

11

Guest [42]

σT⁴ − 85.6

12

Iziomon et al .[51]

\( \left[1-0.35\times \exp \left(-10.0\times \left(\frac{e}{T}\right)\right)\right]\sigma {T}^4 \)

13