Table 5 Isolation, characterization, and health benefits of flavonoids

Epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and gallocatechin

HPLC

100% H₂O

Kombucha tea

Anti-oxidant activity

[31]

Naringenin

‡

‡

‡

‡

Anti-oxidant activity, hepatoprotective effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-carcinogenic effects, cardiovascular effects, obesity, gastrointestinal effect, naringenin enhances immunity

[12]

Catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, naringin

UV-Vis

80% MeOH and 100% acetone

Cirsium bulgaricum DC.

Asteraceae

Anti-bacterial activity, anti-oxidant activity

[32]

Naringin, hesperidin, quercetin

HPLC

0.5 g kg⁻¹

Citrus fruits

Rutaceae

Anti-oxidant activity

[33]

Quercetin. kaempferol, myricetin, luteolin, apigenin

HP20

70% EtOH

Pluchea indica (Linn.) Less

Asteraceae

Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammation activity

[34, 35]

Spectaflovoside A, kaempferol-3-O-(2′′,3′′-di-O-acetyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(3′′,4′′-di-O-acetyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(4′′-Oacetyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-(2′′,4′′-di-O-acetyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside

NMR

DCM: EtOAc

Zingiber spectabile Griff

Zingiberaceae

Anti-oxidant activity, anti-bacterial activity

[36]

Quercetin glycosides, catechins

HPLC

MeOH

Apple cultivars

Rosaceae

Anti-oxidant activity

[37]

luteolin, apigenin, 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone, kaempferol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8,4′tetramethoxyflavone, apigenin 4′-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 4′-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 4′,7-O-diglucoside and quercetin 3-O-glucoside

PTLC and NMR

95% EtOH

Helichrysum chasmolycium P.H Davis

Asteraceae

Anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity

[38]

Quercetin, morin-3-O-lyxoside, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, morin-3-O-arabinoside

Column chromatography

MeOH

Psidium guajava

Myrtaceae

Anti-bacterial activity

[39]

Rutin, quercetrin, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, hespertin, kaempferol, apigenin, narengenin, 7-OH flavone

HPLC

62.5% MeOH

Colvillea racemosa

Caesalpinioideae

Anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant activity,

[40]

Quercetin, rutin, and naringenin

LC-ESI/MS

EtOH 70 % (v/v)

Raphanus sativus L.

Brassicaceae

Anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory activity

[41]

5,7-dimethoxyflavanone-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-flavanone-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 5,7dimethoxyflavanone-4′-O-[2′′-O-(5′′′-O-trans-cinnamoyl)-β-D-apiofuranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside, and nicotiflorin

MPLC, NMR and MS

EtOAc:MeOH:n-butanol

Galium fissurense, Viscum album ssp. album and Cirsium hypoleucum

Rubiaceae, Santalaceae and Asteraceae

Anti-microbial activity

[42]

Tiliroside, scandenone, kaempferol-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside quercetin-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside

PTLC, TLC, NMR

CHCl₃:EtOH

Maclura pomifera (Rafin.) Schnider, T. argentea,

Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC.

Moraceae, Tiliaceae

Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal activity, and anti-viral activity

[43]

Quercetin

HPLC, FTIR, and NMR.

EtOAc

Aesculus indica

Sapindaceae

Anti-oxidant activity

[44]

Luteolin-7-O-glucoside

TLC, HPLC-TOF/MS and FT-IR

MeOH: DCM (1:22; v/v)

Tanacetum abrotanifolium (L.) Druce

Asteraceae

Anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant activity

[45]

Quercetin

TLC and HPLC

EtOH

Nicotiana tabacum

Solanaceae

Anti-oxidant activity

[46]

7-methoxyflavanone, 3-acetoxy-4′,5-dihydroxy-and naringenin

HPLC, NMR and (HR)-EI-MS

n-hex:EtOAc†

Baccharis dracunculifolia

Asteraceae

Anti-cancer activity

[47]

2′,7-dihydroxy-4′,5′-dimethoxyisoflavon,

3′-hydroxydaidzein, 7-methoxy-3, 3′,4′,6-tetrahydroxyflavone

3,3′,4′,7-tetrahydroxyflavone (fisetin), naringenin, and xenognosin B

prep TLC, NMR, MS, IR, m.pt and optical rotation

1/3 EtOAc

Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.

Streptomyces sp.

Anti-bacterial activity

[48]

2′,4′-dihydroxy-4methoxy-3′-prenyldihydrochalcone, 4-hydroxyonchocarpin, isobavachalcone, 5,7-dihydroxy4′-methoxy-6-prenylflavanone, 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3,4-(2′′,2′′dimethylchromeno)-3′-prenyldihydrochalcone, 5-hydroxy-6,7-(2,2dimethylchromano)-4′-methoxyflavanone, 4′,5-dihydroxy-6,7(2,2-dimethylchromeno)-2′-methoxy-8-γ,γ-dimethylallylflavone, artocarpin, pyranocycloartobiloxanthone A, and cycloheterophyllin

TLC and NMR

n-hex:MeOH:DCM

Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. and Artocarpus lowii King

Moraceae

Anti-microbial activity

[49]

Apigenin

HPLC

MeOH:H₂O (80:20)

Cousinia verbascifolia Bunge

Asteraceae

Anti-cancer activity

[50]

Luteolin

VLC, PTLC and NMR

CHCl₃:n-hex(4:5)

Struchium sparganophora (Linn) Ktze

Asteraceae

Anti-cancer activity

[51]

Genistein, kaempherol, naringenin, and catechin

LC-MS

80% MeOH

Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.

Brassicaceae

Anti-bacterial activity

[52]

Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside

HPLC

EtOH:H₂O:HCl (50:20:8)

Cassia Tora linn.

Fabaceae

Anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activity

[53]

Quercimeritrin, scutellarein, and rutin

HPLC-MS, NMR

MeOH, EtOH, acetone, and EtOAc

Cassia angustifolia Vahl.

Caesalpiniaceae

Anti-cancer, anti-oxidants, and anti-microbial activity

[54]

Luteolin

HPLC

CHCl₃:MeOH (19:1, v/v)

Vitex negundo Lin

Lamiaceae

Anti-tumor activity

[55]

2′, 5-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 2′, 5Vdihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone

LC-MS, NMR

100 % MeOH

Andrographis glandulosa,

Acanthaceae,

Anti-cancer activity

[56]

Kaempferol

NMR, MS

CHCl₃: MeOH (9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7 and 1:4)

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Asteraceae

Anti-cancer and anti-oxidant activity

[57]

Pinostrobin

VLC, TLC, NMR,EIMS

Hex: EtOAc 80:20

(VLC; 15cm x16 cm)

Cajanus cojan Millsp.

Fabaceae

Anti-cancer activity

[58]

Cyanarodide

CC, TLC,NMR,GC-MS

EtOH: EtOAc †

H. chillensis

Asteraceae

Anti-cancer activity

[59]

Procyanidin A, procyanidin B, and catechin/epicatechin

LC-MS, HPLC DAD-MS/MS

H₂O

Ximenia americana L.

Olacaceae

Anti-ulcerogenic activity

[60]

Quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin

HPLC-DAD

EtOH (50, 80, and 100%, v/v)

Ximenia parviflora Benth. var.

Olacaceae

Anti-oxidant activity

[61]

Naringenin, quercetin, and kaempferol

HPLC

EtOH 70% (1:10, w/v)

Viscum album L.

Santalaceae

Anti-oxidant activity

[62]

Catechin, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, and kaempferol

HPLC-DAD

H₂O 100 % EtOH (1:1)

Ximenia americana L.

Olacaceae

Anti-edematogenic activity

[63]

Kaempferol 3-Orutinoside, kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Spinacetin 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-βD-glucopyranoside]-7-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranoside], and quercetin7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

TLC, NMR and ESI-MS

EtOH

Anvillea garcinii

Asteraceae

Anti-ulcer activity

[64]

Hesperidin

TLC, IR and HPLC

MeOH

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Rutaceae

Anti-ulcer activity

[65].

Apigenin 4′-Oβ-D-glucopyranoside, isoquercetin, nicotiflorin and apigenin 6-Cα-L-arabinopyranoside-8-Cβ-D-glucopyranoside

TLC, NMR

EtOH

Vicia sativa

Fabaceae

Anti-edematogenic activity (P < 0.05)

[66].

cirsiliol, isorhamnetin 3-O-b-D-glucoside, chrysosplenol D, artemetin

TLC, NMR ,FT-IR

100% MeOH

Chrysanthemum morifolim Ramat

Asteraceae

Anti-inflammatory activity

[67]

Artemetin

CC and NMR

Acetone

Cordia curassavica DC

Boraginaceae

Anti-edematogenic activity

[68]

3-methoxy quercetin

TLC, NMR

n-butanol

Garcinia kola Heckel

Clusiaceae

Anti-inflammatory activity

[69]

Quercetin3-O-훼-L-arabinopyranosyl (1→2 ) 훼-L-rhamnopyranoside

HPLC, NMR

H₂O: EtOH (1:1).

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon

Crassulaceae

Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-edematogenic activity

[70]

3, 5-dihydro-7-methoxy anthocynidines

PTLC, NMR

CHCl₃:EtOAc

(9:1)

Monanthotaxis

littoralis

Annonaceae

Anti-fungal activity

[71]