Fig. 4

Total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content in plant extracts. Plant species had significant effects on TPC and TFC (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). Each bar represents the mean of four replicate measurements. Within each secondary metabolite group (TPC or TFC), different letters above bars indicate significant differences among plant species (Bonferroni tests, p < 0.05). Error bars represent standard errors