From: Improved model predictive load frequency control of interconnected power system with synchronized automatic generation control loops
QOWOA-based
dis-MPC based
Improvement (%)
Minimum
0.0759
0.0589
22.34
Maximum
0.0898
0.0728
18.95
Mean
0.08055
0.06118
24.05
Variance
1.64 × 10−5
1.26 × 10−5
23.21
STDev
0.003214
0.003247
20.83