Fig. 2
Role of NF-κB signaling pathway in diabetic complications. 
: Stimulation/release; 
: Pathway of diabetic neuropathy; 
: Pathway of diabetic nephropathy; 
: Pathway of diabetic retinopathy; 
: Stimulation; 
: Inhibition. BGL blood glucose level, BP blood pressure, ROS reactive oxygen species, AGE/RAGE advanced glycation end products/receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, PKC protein kinase C, HbAc1 glycated hemoglobin, AT-II angiotensin II, DAG diacylglycerol, NF-kB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, ARase aldose reductase, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule, NCV nerve conduction velocity, NGF nerve growth factor, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, TGF-β tumor necrosis factor-beta, COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6 interleukin-6, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, Bcl-2 B cell lymphoma 2, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, CAM cellular adhesion molecule, IL-8 interleukin-8, ET-1 endothelin 1, eNOS endothelial NOS