Fig. 4

Real-time PCR analysis of the alteration in the mRNA expression of stress markers. a BTG2 gene expression in the peroxynitrite-induced stress group showed a maximum (3-fold) increase compared to the hyperglycemia-induced stress group (2-fold), rotenone-induced stress group (1.8-fold), and H₂O₂-induced stress group (1.7-fold) against the control. b Nrf2 gene expression was downregulated where the hyperglycemic-induced stress group showed the least expression (0.2-fold) compared to the H₂O₂-induced stress group (0.3-fold), rotenone-induced stress group (0.65-fold), and peroxynitrite-induced stress group (0.8-fold) against the control. c Gadd153 expression in the rotenone-induced stress group showed a maximum (5-fold) increase compared to the hyperglycemic-induced stress group (1.2-fold) and peroxynitrite-induced stress group (1.2-fold), whereas the H₂O₂-induced stress group was downregulated (0.5-fold) against the control. The data provided are the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.001 versus control