Table 2 Characteristic properties of different adsorbents employed for the adsorption of pesticides

Granular activated carbon (GAC F300)

Carbofuran and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Coarse rough and porous surface

731.48

0.45

–

–

[38]

Coconut shell based

Activated carbon np-5

Hexachlorocyclohexane

Well-developed pores on the surface

1840

0.90

–

–

[39]

Date seed activated carbon

Bentazon and carbofuran

–.

880.18

0.46

2.16

–

[40]

Activated carbon from palm oil fronds

Bentazon, carbofuran and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Well-developed porous surface

1237.13

0.67

2.16

[41]

Mesoporous activated carbon from starch (ACS)

Atrazine, pymetrozine, acetamiprid, diuron, thiacloprid, imazalil, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, and chlorantraniliprole

The ACS surface was full of micropores and mesoporous

–

–

–

–

[42]

Waste rubber tire activated carbon

Methoxychlor, methyl parathion and atrazine

Chemically treated sorbent is highly porous as compared to the untreated adsorbent

981

1.51

3.12

-

[43]

Activated carbon F300

Phenoxyacid pesticide

–

762

0.46

~ 0.52

~ 9.80

[44]

Olive kernels activated carbon

Bromopropylate (BP)

Cross-interconnected pores spongy-like, surface

600

0.30

–

–

[45]

Corn cobs activated carbon

Bromopropylate (BP)

Cross-interconnected pores spongy-like, surface

630

0.34

–

–

[45]

Soya stalks activated carbon

Bromopropylate (BP)

Fibrous-like structure in nature with long ridges, resembling a series of parallel lines

570

0.31

–

–

[45]

Rapeseed stalks activated carbon

Bromopropylate (BP)

Fibrous-like structure in nature with long ridges, resembling a series of parallel lines

490

0.28

–

–

[45]

Activated carbon NORIT_ GL 50

Bromopropylate (BP)

Rough and porous surface

650

–

–

–

[46]

Activated carbon F400

Bromopropylate (BP)

Coarse and porous surface

827

0.52

–

–

[47]

Mesoporous activated carbon from coconut frond

Carbofuran

Considerable number of pores with homogeneous circle shapes with different sizes of apertures distributed on the surface

483.64

0.21

2.97

5.80

[48]

Activated carbon from waste hemp

Acetamiprid, dimethoate, nicosulfuron, carbofuran and atrazine

Fibrous structure with uniform nanostructured network

2192

1.06

1.79

–

[49]

Coconut shell activated carbon

Malathion

Irregular structure and porous surface with the external pore size varies from 1.14 to 2.35 μm

850

281

2.18

[50]

Palm shell activated carbon

Malathion

Irregular structure and porous surface with the external pore size varies from 0.15 to 1.09 μm

788

261

1.73

[50]

NH₄Cl-induced activated carbon

Diazinon

–

1029

236.40

2.46

6.6

[51]

Graphitic carbon nanostructures from filter paper

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Thin foam-like porous structure

182.40

0.31

6.88

–

[52]

Graphitic carbon nanostructures from cotton

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Flat carbon sheets with very thin thickness.

27.40

0.03

4.99

–

[52]

Phenyl-modified magnetic graphene/mesoporous silica

Avermectin, imidacloprid, pyridaben, dichlorvos, acetamiprid, dursban, isocarbophos, and phoxim

Some ordered mesoporous structure were overlaid with little aggregation or multilayer accumulation of the magnetic graphene sheets

446.50

0.32

2.80

–

[53]

Mesoporous carbon from a biopolymer and clay

Dicamba Pestanal

Oriented cleavage planes on the surface

876

0.04

3.40

4.10

[54]

Graphene oxide-based silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with 2-phenylethylamine

Chlorpyrifos, parathion, and malathion

Spherical in shape and agglomerated

133

0.48

17.50

–

[55]

SAz-1 montmorillonite with the cationic polymer hexadimethrine

Fluome-turon, diuron, terbuthylazine, simazine, mecoprop, MCPA, andclopyralid

Less aggregated morphology and flat plates

51

–

–

-

[56]

Alkaline modified commercial kaolin

Methomyl

Aggregated particles with an average diameter of 400 nm

8.51

0.0005

18.39

[57]

Phosphate-modified kaolin

Methomyl

Irregular curved flakes

18.79

0.002

12.26

[57]

Layered double hydroxides

Alachlor and metolachlor

Thin plate-like crystal with an irregular shape and size < 10 μm

–

–

–

–

[58]

Presence of lamellar and layered particles distributed around the surface, dominated by the flaked aggregates and curling edges with fluffy appearance

164.79

0.27

6.57

6.75

[59]

Magnetic copper-based metal organic framework

Thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran, clothianidin, and thiacloprid

Highly porous block-shaped structure.

250.33

0.83

–

–

[60]

Zr-metal organic framework functionalized magneticgraphene nanocomposites

Triflurain, atrazine, methylparathion, pirimiphos methyl, parathion, penconazole, procymidone, bfienthrin, and cyhalothrin

Even distribution of magnetic particles on the surface of graphene, some of them are wrapped in MOF with both of them having good core-shell structure, the thickness of materials was increased significantly after being modified with Zr-MOF

178.1

–

–

–

[61]

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Diazinon

Porous tubular structures of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

370

–

–

3–5

[62]

modified chitosan materials

Pentachlorophenol

Non homogenous and quite rough surface

2.43–0.37

0.17–1.7 × 10⁻³

–

4–7.7

[63]

LaFe_0.9Co_0.1O₃

Vitavax

Rough and nearly fully covered with the particles grown on it and the particle size distribution seems to be in the range 50–400 nm

51.2

–

–

–

[64]

LaFe_0.1Co_0.9O₃

Vitavax

Nearly spherical with approximately uniform particle size and their distribution is ranging between 30 and 60 nm with the average diameter of about 40 nm.

42.8

–

–

–

[64]

Pig manure-derived biochars

Carbaryl and atrazine

Bulk aromaticity of the biochar increased and polarity decreased with charring temperature

218.10

0.32

57.80

6.40

[65]

Nanocrystalline magnesium oxides

Diazinon and fenitrothion

Rough and scratchy surface with the particle size of 6 obtained from TEM image

250

–

7

–

[66]

Algerian palygorskite modified with magnetic iron with hydrothermal treatment (FeO Pal₁)

Linuron

Iron oxide particle size varies between 7 and 15 nm, with a heterogeneous distribution of spherical particles without obvious aggregation and dispersed onto the palygorskite needles’ surface

–

–

–

–

[67]

Algerian palygorskite modified with magnetic iron without hydrothermal treatment (FeO Pal₂)

Linuron

Iron oxide particles show square and/or hexagonal outlines and sizes from 30 to 50 nm

–

–

–

–

[67]

Copper modified microcrystalline cellulose

Prometryn

Typical features of cellulose fibers informed by the dispersed netting lines and natural piral twists with some Cu ²⁺ particles dispersed on the surface

6.06

0.01

11.52

11.30

[68]