From: The microbiota-related coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a real challenge
Microbial group | Microbe(s) | Origin | Endogenous/exogenous | Found in | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virus | C. pneumoniae, parainfluenza 3, influenza A, M. pneumoniae, rhinovirus, non-SARS-CoV-2 | Environment/birds/animals | Exogenous | Upper/lower respiratory tract | [26] |
Other coronavirus, hRV, influenza (H3N2) | Environment/birds/animals | Exogenous | Upper/lower respiratory tract, intestine | [27] | |
RSV, entero/rhinovirus, non-SARS-CoV-2 | Environment/birds/animals | Exogenous | Upper/lower respiratory tract, intestine | [28] | |
Hepatitis virus | Human | Endogenous/exogenous | Blood, tissues, body secretions | [29] | |
HIV | Human | Endogenous/exogenous | Blood, tissues, body secretions | [30] | |
hMPV, hRV, PIV2, HKU1 | Human, animals | Exogenous | Upper/lower respiratory tract | ||
Bacteria | Veillonella, Capnocytophaga, | Human | Endogenous | Oral cavity | |
Neisseria, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium, Leptotrichia, Prevotella, Fusobacterium periodonticum | Human | Endogenous | Oral cavity | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Veillonella, Prevotella, Capnocytophaga | Human | Endogenous/exogenous | Upper/lower respiratory tract | ||
Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenza, Escherichia coli | Human/environment | Endogenous/exogenous | Respiratory tract, skin, and intestines | [36] | |
Coprobacillus, Clostridium hathewayi, C. ramosum | Human, environment | Endogenous/exogenous | Gut | [37] | |
Clostridium, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rothia | Human, environment | Endogenous/exogenous | Gut | ||
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Human, environment | Endogenous/exogenous | Lower respiratory tract, other organs of the body | ||
Fungi | Candida tropicalis, C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei | Human | Endogenous | Upper/lower respiratory tract, intestine | [44] |
Aspergillus fumigatus | Human, environment | Endogenous/exogenous | Upper/lower respiratory tract | [45] | |
Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus oryzae, Absidia mucor | Human, environment | Endogenous/exogenous | Respiratory tract, other organs of the body | [46] | |
Black fungus (Rhizomucor species, Syncephalastrum species, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Apophysomyces, Lichtheimia, Saksenaea, Rhizomucor) | Environment | Majorly exogenous | Respiratory tract, eye, broken skin and its appendages, sinuses, and brain |