Hydrogel based tissue engineering and its future applications in personalized disease modeling and regenerative therapy

Chaudhary, Shikha; Chakraborty, Eliza

doi:10.1186/s43088-021-00172-1

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Table 1 Classification of natural and synthetic hydrogels: material, source, characteristic, application and reference

From: Hydrogel based tissue engineering and its future applications in personalized disease modeling and regenerative therapy

Material	Source	Characteristic	Application	References
1. Natural (Animal Based)
Alginate	Brown Seaweed	Low cytotoxicity	Cell-laden bio inks in 3D-bioprinting	[10]
		Less Immunogenicity
		Ability to cross link
		Biodegradable
Gelatin	Fish, Cattle, Bone, Skin, Pig, etc	Biocompatible	Bone tissue engineering	[10]
		Biodegradable
		Low antigenicity
		Non-toxic
		Low mechanical stability
Collagen	Rat tail, Bovine tendon, Jelly fish, Porcine, etc	Low viscosity	Tissue engineering and drug delivery	[5, 10]
		Low immunogenicity
		Biocompatible
Hyaluronic Acid	Human and Bacterial fermentation	Immunoneutral. Polysaccharide	Dynamic cell patterning	[9, 11]
Hyaluronic Acid	Human and Bacterial fermentation	Non-adhesive	Dynamic cell patterning	[9, 11]
Silk Fibroin	Silkworm (Bombyx mori)	High strength and stiffness	Useful in Bone tissue engineering	[10]
Silk Fibroin	Silkworm (Bombyx mori)	Biocompatible and biodegradable	Useful in Bone tissue engineering	[10]
Fibrin	Human Plasma	Biocompatible	Fibrin-hybrid constructs useful cartilage, cardiac, smooth muscle cultures and drug delivery systems	[5, 9, 13, 15]
		High cell affinity
		Rapid degradability
		Weak mechanical strength
2. Natural (Plant Based)
i. Plant—lignocellulose materials based
Cellulose	Plant cell and natural fibres	Highly crystalline	Application in biomedical	[20]
		Low water solubility
		Slow biodegradability in vivo
Hemicellulose	Plant cell wall	Biocompatible	Application in biomedical	[20]
		Non-toxic
		Biodegradable
Lignin	Plant cell wall	Biodegradable	Drug delivery and tissue engineering	[20]
		Hydrophobic
		Antioxidant
		Antimicrobial
		High global availability
ii. Plant—polysaccharide Based
Starch	Chloroplast and amyloplast of the plant	Hydrophilic	Tissue engineering, Drug delivery, Agricultural usage, water treatment, Food industry	[20]
Starch	Chloroplast and amyloplast of the plant	Biocompatible		[20]
Pectin	Fruit peels and pulp, sugar beet, sunflower heads	High gelling capacity	Drug delivery and tissue engineering	[20]
Pectin	Fruit peels and pulp, sugar beet, sunflower heads	Hydrophilic	Drug delivery and tissue engineering	[20]
iii. Plant—gum based
Natural gums	Plant exudation, seed endosperm, tree exudation	Excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability	Tissue engineering, Drug delivery, Can be used for oral delivery platform	[20]
		Mimic ECM
		Renewable
		Edible
iv. Plant protein based
Soy	Soybean	Biocompatible	Tissue engineering, drug delivery, regenerative medicine	[20]
		Bio reactive
		Biodegradable
		High water holding capacity
Zein	Corn kernels	Hydrophobic	Tissue engineering, drug delivery, regenerative medicine	[20]
3. Synthetic
Poly Ethylene Glycol	By-products of petroleum	Compositionally consistent	In combination with natural polymer suitable as scaffold	[12]
		Non-toxic
		Hydrophilic
Poly Vinyl Alcohol	Hydrolysis of Poly vinyl acetate	Lack biologically active sites	In combination with natural polymer suitable as scaffold	[12]
Poly Acrylic Acid		Low Mechanical Strength	In combination with natural polymer suitable as scaffold	[12]

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