Hydrogel based tissue engineering and its future applications in personalized disease modeling and regenerative therapy

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Table 2 Comparative study of 3D cell culture over animal models

Parameter	3D cell culture (organoid)	Animal model	References
Cost	Low	Expensive	[13, 16, 17]
Immunogenic response	Incorporation of immunogenic components under research	The response occurs in normal animal models however immunodeficient models lack such responses	[13, 17]
Vascularization	Not present	Reflect to in vivo	[13, 17]
Ethical concerns	No ethical issues because no animal testing is required. Only the use of animal serum raises concerns for animal welfare and human biosafety	Ethical concerns required to be addressed	[13]
Experimental complexity	Less complex	Higher organisms are used therefore high complexity	[13, 17]
Human in vivo imitation	Imitate the source tissue or organ	Does not imitate due to variation at the genetic level	[13, 17]
Genetic expression	Reflective to humans	Differ from humans	[13]
Cell microenvironment	Lack microenvironment, therefore, scaffolds used	Present naturally	[16]
Reproducibility	Low since scaffolds are used	Not satisfactory	[13, 17]