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Table 2 The influence of Tamiflu on the serum markers of hepatic/renal toxicities of the various treated groups compared to that of the control group

From: Pathophysiological effects of Tamiflu on liver and kidneys of male rats

Parameters

Groups

G1

G2

G3

G4

ALT

(IU/L) activity

93.33 ± 9.94

136.70 ± 9064**

118.00 ± 5.57

161.50 ± 4.46***

AST

184.80 ± 23.05

281.00 ± 19.77*

251.50 ± 21.14

301.00 ± 13.47**

ALP

51.19 ± 4.36

69.50 ± 2.39**

61.42 ± 2.05

91.92 ± 2.77***

GGT

3.83 ± 0.30

4.33 ± 0.33**

2.83 ± 0.30

5.50 ± 0.22***

Total

Bili

(mg/dl)

0.57 ± 0.04

0.62 ± 0.07

0.55 ± 0.05

0.70 ± 0.03

Direct

0.27 ± 0.02

0.15 ± 0.03

0.18 ± 0.04

0.15 ± 0.04

Indirect

0.30 ± 0.06

0.40 ± 0.05*

0.37 ± 0.05

0.55 ± 0.02**

Urea

15.67 ± 0.80

19.74 ± 0.89*

17.83 ± 0.54

36.85 ± 1.50***

Creatinine

0.60 ± 0.02

0.68 ± 0.02*

0.64 ± 0.02

0.72 ± 0.02**

Uric acid

1.98 ± 0.02

2.19 ± 0.04**

2.05 ± 0.04

2.92 ± 0.03***

Total protein

(g/dl)

6.42 ± 0.17

5.47 ± 0.32*

5.70 ± 0.16

5.05 ± 0.23**

Albumin

3.36 ± 0.13

2.37 ± 0.20*

2.57 ± 0.20*

2.26 ± 0.19**

Na+

(mmol/L)

120.60 ± 0.87

126.70 ± 1.69*

122.50 ± 0.97

136.20 ± 1.82***

K+

4.73 ± 0.24

3.79 ± 0.09*

4.38 ± 0.25

3.25 ± 0.14***

  1. Values: mean ± SE. ALT = Alanine aminotransferase, AST = Aspartate aminotransferase, ALP = Alkaline phosphatase, GGT (γ-GT) = Gamma-glutamyltransferase, Total Bili = total bilirubin, Direct Bili. = direct bilirubin, Ind. Bili. = indirect bilirubin. G1: control, G2: therapeutic design, G3: short-term prophylactic design, G4: long-term prophylactic design. P values: No asterisks = non-significant (P > 0.05), * Significant (P < 0.05), ** Highly significant (P < 0.01), *** Very highly significant (P < 0.001) compared to their control, using one-way ANOVA