Table 1 A summary of therapeutic applications of antisense oligonucleotides
From: Antisense oligonucleotides: recent progress in the treatment of various diseases
S. no | Author’s | Molecule | Mechanism of action | Therapeutic uses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Antiviral agent | ||||
1 | Burrer et al. [28] | Phosphorodiamidate antisense morpholino oligomers (P-PMOs) | Inhibiting mRNA genome | Inhibiting murine hepatitis virus (MHV) |
2 | Chadwick et al. [29] | Antisense RNA | Inhibitor of gene expression and prevent retroviral replication | Anti-HIV-1 |
3 | Kobayashi-Ishihara et al. [30] | Latently infected T lymphocytes | Inhibiting HIV transcription | Anti-HIV |
4 | Markov et al. [31] | Phosphoryl guanidine oligodeoxyribonucleotide (PGO) | Inhibiting AUG codon of virus nucleic acid genome | Anti-influenza A virus |
5 | Offensperger et al. [32] | Antisense ANOs | Gene expression and viral replication | Anti-hepatitis B virus |
6 | Putlitz et al. [33] | RNA based antisense oligonucleotide | Inhibited the HBV replication and antigen formation | Anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) |
7 | Zhu et al. [34] | LNA-YN8-A and LNA-YN8-B short antisense oligonucleotides | Diminishing the cytopathic effect | Against respiratory syndrome virus |
Antidiabetic agents | ||||
8 | Liang et al. [35] | GR-ASO | Reduced GR mRNA expression in the liver | Antidiabetic agent |
9 | Machen et al. [36] | Non-obese diabetic mouse dendritic cell (NOD DCs) antisense oligonucleotides | An increased occurrence of CD25+, CD4+ T cells | Antidiabetic agent |
10 | Oshitari et al. [37] | Combined AS-oligonucleotide approach | Laminin overexpression, fibronectin, collagen IV expression and decreasing vascular leakage in the retinal capillaries in the tested rats | Antidiabetic agent |
11 | Sloop et al. [38] | Glucagon receptor antisense oligonucleotide (GCGR ASOs) | Avoid glucose production in the liver | Antidiabetic agent |
Anti-arthritic agent | ||||
12 | Akhavein et al. [39] | Microencapsulated antisense oligonucleotides | Reduce nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) | Anti-arthritic agent |
13 | Garcia et al. [40] | Locked ASOs | Inhibition of ADAMTS enzyme | Anti-arthritic agent |
14 | Makalish et al. [41] | Cytos-11 ASOs | Inhibiting TNF-α gene expression | Anti-arthritic agent |
15 | Morita et al. [42] | ASOs | Inhibition effect of rheumatoid synovial fibroblast growth | Anti-arthritic agent |
16 | Hildner et al. [43] | Antisense oligonucleotides (ASPOs) | Inhibition of STAT4 factor | Anti-arthritic agent |
17 | Nakamura et al. [44] | ASOs | Control protein translation process | Anti-arthritic agent |
Anti-inflammatory agent | ||||
18 | Fortin et al. [45] | 2’-Deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D- arabinonucleic acid (FANA)-containing ASON | Inhibition of PDE7 and PDE4 enzyme | Anti-inflammatory agent against smoke-induced respiratory inflammation |
19 | Karras et al. [46] | Inhaled IL-4 receptor-α antisense oligonucleotide (IL-4RA) | Inhibition of IL4 and IL13 cytokines | Anti-inflammatory agent against lung inflammation |
20 | Ramelli et al. [47] | LNA oligonucleotides | Preventing the formation of mmu-miR-145a-5p | Anti-inflammatory agent |
21 | Donner et al. [48] | 2.5 CD40 ASO | Inhibiting CD40 mRNA expression | Anti-inflammatory agent |
22 | Zorzi et al. [49] | Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide (ASOs) | Inhibiting growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) | Inflammatory bowel disease |
Anticancer agents | ||||
23 | Vanderborght et al. [50] | HIF-1α and HIF-2α antisense oligonucleotides | Inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
24 | Abaza et al. [51] | c-myc antisense oligonucleotides ([S]ODNs) | Inhibiting c-myc mRNA and proteins | Colon tumour and carcinoma |
25 | Ge et al. [52] | Antisense oligonucleotides targeting microRNAs | Inhibiting miR-21, induces H1650 apoptosis | Antitumour |
26 | Ciardiello et al. [53] | Antisense oligonucleotides | Control the endogenous expression of genes | Antitumour |
27 | Villalona-Calero et al. [54] | LY900003 antisense oligonucleotides | Inhibits protein kinase C-\(\alpha\) | Anti-lung cancer |