From: Functional food: complementary to fight against COVID-19
Non-specific treatments for the management of COVID-19 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Target | Mode of Action | Mode of Administration | Potential Side Effects | References |
Drugs | |||||
Remdesivir | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase | Nucleotide analog | Intravenous | May damage liver | |
Nausea | |||||
Severe Headache | |||||
Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine | ACE2 | Heme polymerase inhibitor | Oral | Abdominal pain | |
Diarrhea | |||||
Shortness of breath | |||||
Lopinavir and Ritonavir | 3CL protease | Protease inhibitor | Oral | Diarrhea | |
Anemia | |||||
High blood pressure | |||||
Favipiravir | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase | RNA polymerase inhibitor | Oral | Raised liver enzymes | |
Hyperuricemia | |||||
QT prolongation | |||||
Baricitinib | Janus kinase | JAK inhibitor | Oral | Sinus infections | |
Shingles | |||||
Urinary Tract Infection | |||||
Nirmatrelvir | 3C like protease | Covalent inhibitor of cysteine residue | Oral | Changes in taste, diarrhea, high blood pressure, or muscle pain | [167] |
Molnupiravir | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase | RNA polymerase inhibitor | Oral | Diarrhea, dizziness, and nausea | [168] |
Name | Developer | Type | Dose | Efficiency Rate | Potential Side Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccines | ||||||
mRNA-1273 | Moderna | mRNA | 2 | 95% | Pain (91.6%) | |
Fatigue (68.5%) | ||||||
Headache (63.0%) | ||||||
Muscle pain (59.6%) | ||||||
Joint pain (44.8%) | ||||||
BNT162b2 | Pfizer & BioNTech | mRNA | 2 | 95% | Fever | |
Chills | ||||||
Tiredness | ||||||
Headache | ||||||
AZD1222 | University of Oxford & AstraZeneca | DNA (chimpanzee adenovirus vector) | 2 | 62–90% | Myalgia | |
Nausea | ||||||
Tenderness | ||||||
Fever | ||||||
Sputnik V | Gamaleya Research Institute | DNA (human adenovirus vector) | 2 | 92% | Flu-like symptoms | |
Pain at the injection site | ||||||
Fatigue |
Name | Target | Mode of Action | Mode of Administration | Potential Side Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immunotherapies | |||||
Convalescent plasma therapy | Plasma from recovered SARS-CoV-2 patient | Producing SARS-CoV-2–specific IgG antibodies | Transplantation | May aggravate lung injury in patients with multiple organ failure | |
May experience severe adverse reactions to blood transfusion | |||||
Plasmapheresis | Blood component separator | Discarding pathogenic substances from patient’s plasma | Transplantation | Hypotension | |
Risk of transfusion reactions | |||||
Suppression of the immune system | |||||
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy | Inhibit excessive immune responses | Preventing uncontrolled mass production of cytokines or inflammatory factors | Transplantation | Tumorigenesis | |
Genetic instability and chromosomal |