No | Determination method | Sample | Type of pesticide detected | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GC-ECD | Soil | Halogenated compound organochlorines (OC) such as DDT, DDE, Lindane, Endosulfan, Heptachlor, and Chlordane Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) Synthetic pyrethroids Pyrethrin Triazines | Highly sensitive, selective, sensitive for electrophilic compounds | Low detection limit, destructive, not applicable for many analytes, not environmentally safe | |
2 | GC-FID | Fatty acids | Organophosphate pesticides (OP) Malathion and Parathion Diazinon and Disulfoton Hydrocarbons | Most popular, easy, rapid response, large limit of alkanes detection is 10-12g | Destructive, cannot detect inorganic substances and some are highly oxygenated, mass sensitive and not concentration sensitive | |
3 | GC-FPD | Fruits, vegetables, tomato | -Sulphur or phosphorus-containing compounds Hetero-atoms, including metallic elements Organophosphate (OP) pesticides and their OP metabolites Fenitrothion residue. | Highly sensitive detection, quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe | Filter must be exchanged between chromatographic runs | |
4 | NPD | Tomato, sweet corn, soils | -Organic compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorous Organophosphorus (OP) such as acephate, chlorpyrifos, malathion, methamidophos, and parathion-methyl residues Chlorpyrifos | Faster and less expensive, high resolution. Sufficient limits of detection. good reproducibility | Limited, destructive, not safe, not sufficiently effective | |
5 | GC-MS | Grape samples, cucumber | Organochlorines Organophosphorus Carbamates Pyrethroids Triazines Triazoles Pyrazoles Sulphite ester Acylalanin | Very good recovery value, quick, easy, cheap, effective, use of analyte protectants, determination of various classes of pesticide residues, simple, sensitive, selective | Clean-up performance is not good enough | Khetagoudar et al. [93], Walorczyk et al. [178], Nasiri et al. [132], Dong et al. [51] |
6 | LC-MS | Zizania latifolia, fruits, vegetables | Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) Organophosphate pesticides (OP) | Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, adaptable, selective, simple, does not require a mass of toxic organic solvents, allows processing a significantly larger number of samples in a short time, identify solutes in low concentrations (which are in parts per million- PPM) in a complex mixture | Higher operational cost, more limited sample throughput and less favourable, only works with volatile buffers that are required to avoid fouling of the API interface, residual impurities being analysed should be ionized | |
7 | HPLC | Tomatoes, fruits, vegetables | Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) (parathion, phoxim, phorate, and chlorpyrifos) Benomyl (benzimidazol fungicide). Insecticides and acaricides Tebuthiuron and diuron (urea herbicides) Simazine, atrazine Ametryn (triazines herbicides) | High separation efficiency, good selectivity, extremely quick, high detection sensitivity | Costly, complex, requires large quantities of expensive organic compounds | |
8 | GC-MS/MS | Fruits, vegetables, cereal samples | Organophosphorus (OPs) pesticides include both organophosphates and organothio phosphates | Excellent sensitivity and selectivity and identification of low pesticide concentrations for non-polar (semi) volatile compounds, multi-residue method | Biological samples cannot be analysed | Chang et al. [36], Walorczyk and Drożdżyński [177], Hernández et al. [78] |
9 | HPLC-MS/MS | Cereal samples, Rice (Oryza sativa L) | Flutriafol Insecticide (pirimiphos-methyl). | Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, appropriate to assess the compliance of cereal specimens with further regulated highest residue levels of pesticides | Â | Melo et al. [125] |