Table 1 Antiepileptic drugs tested against the epileptogenesis
From: Pharmacological perspectives and mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis
Antiepileptic drug | Dosage | Animal | Model | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valproic Acid (VPA) | A bolus dose of 400 mg/kg, followed by three times daily administration of 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks, ip | Female Sprague–Dawley rats | A self-sustaining SE was induced by prolonged electrical stimulation of the basal amygdala via a depth electrode | Effective against hippocampal neurodegeneration, but did not protect against epileptic seizures | [64] |
Carbamazepine | 40 mg / kg, 3x / day, ip | Male Wistar rats | Pilocarpine-induced model | Administered during the latent phase did not prevent epileptogenesis, even though it decreased the number of seizures and hippocampal damage | [49] |
CCR2 receptor antagonist | 20 mg/kg/day, v.o | Wistar rats | Pilocarpine-induced model | Neuroprotective characteristics, but was not able to alter epileptogenesis | [50] |
Daidzina | 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg, ip | Male mice (albino, BALB/c) | Pentylenetetrazole -induced model | Potential effect on preventing epileptogenesis, in a dose-dependent manner | [55] |
Eslicarbazepine | 150 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg, ip., once daily for 6 weeks | Male Wistar rats | Pilocarpine-induced model | Antiepileptogenic effects on animal models of chronic epilepsy, by blocking T-type calcium channels, primarily Cav 3.2, which plays a role in epileptogenesis | [57] |
Fingolimod | 1 mg/kg/day, ip | Male WAG/Rij rats | Pentylenetetrazole-induced model | Antiepileptogenic effects of fingolimod. However, the antiepileptogenic effects were transitory | [39] |
Gabapentin | 100 mg/kg/day 3x / day, ip | Male and female FVB mice | Focal neocortical SE induced by application of a pledget with 4AP and GABAzine | Prevented gliosis, increased excitatory synaptic density in the affected neocortex, prevented morphological abnormalities post-FSE | [51] |
200 mg / kg, 2x/day ip.; 100 mg / kg, 2x/day then 50 mg /kg/dose IP for 5 days, ip | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | kainate-induced SE | Neuroprotective effect and inhibited epileptic seizures | [52] | |
Levetiracetam | 80 mg / kg / day, v.o | Male WAG/Rij rats and Wistar rats | Genetic absence epilepsy model | Protected against seizure development, in rats | [39] |
Losartan | 10, 20 or 50 mg/kg, i.p | Male Swiss mice | Model of maximal electroshock | Potentiated antiepileptogenic effect | [41] |
Topiramate | 10, 30, or 60 mg/kg, ip | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | Pilocarpine-induced model | Neuroprotective effect on hippocampal formation, but this effect was not sufficient to suppress the appearance of recurrent seizures in animals | [46] |