Table 1 Gene involved in metabolism and their mechanism of epigenetic modification
S. no. | Metabolic process | Gene | Â | Epigenetic modification | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Glucose homeostasis | GLUT 4 | Cell line | DNA hypomethylation Histone acetylation | Hypomethylation prevents the activation of its promoter | [109] |
| Â | Â | ADIPOQ | Human | DNA hypomethylation Histone acetylation | Hypomethylation associated with high circulatory adiponectin level | [110] |
| Â | Â | INS (Insulin) | Mouse and Human | DNA hypermethylation Histone acetylation | In both mouse and human hypermethylation at promoter site supress the activity of insulin gene | [111] |
2 | Inflammation | IFNG | Human | DNA hypomethylation | Hypomethylation leads to increases inflammation, in shift workers, cardiovascular disease and cancer | [112] |
|  |  | INF | Human | DNA hypomethylation | Hypomethylation associated with increased plasma TNF-α level in PUFA intake | [113] |
3 | Lipid storage | FASN | Rats | DNA methylation | Hypomethylation at promoter region associated with obesity in HFD group | [114] |
4 | Adipogenesis | PPARA | Rats | DNA methylation | Methylation in promoter region of hepatic PPARα results in differential risk of disease | [115] |
|  |  | CEBP β | Rats | Histone acetylation Histone methylation | Histone modification at promoter region alters its expression | [116] |
5 | Appetite regulation | LEP | Rats | DNA hypermethylation | Hypermethylation in CpG site 6–7 and 29–30 Hypomethylation at CpG site os 15 20-day intake HFs diet shift to chow diet till 10 weeks, reverse CpG site at 29–30 | [117] |
|  |  | MC4R | Human | DNA hypermethylation | CpGs 1–8—Hypermethylation (26%) CpGs 9–16—Hypomethylation (52–100%) | [118] |
| Â | Â | NPY | Human | DNA hypomethylation | Hypomethylation at promoter site increases the risk of obesity | [119] |
| Â | Â | POMC | Human | DNA hypomethylation Histone acetylation | Hypomethylation associated with the weight loss maintenance | [119] |