Table 1 Demographic and biochemical characteristics of the healthy control group and patient groups

Number of subjects

30

30

50

50

Gender (No)

Male

13

15

27

30

Female

17

15

23

20

Age (Years)

43.10 ± 12.11^a

44.67 ± 13.72^a

47.54 ± 14.38^a

46.96 ± 12.92^a

BMI (Kg/m²)

24.46 ± 2.19^a

31.38 ± 5.65^b

24.98 ± 3.91^a

30.67 ± 5.08^b

SBP (mmHg)

117.99 ± 7.79^a

135.43 ± 12.42^b

139.36 ± 16.5^b

146.66 ± 19.69^c

DBP (mmHg)

80.00 ± 5.29^a

88.23 ± 7.44^b

93.7 ± 11.28^b

91.64 ± 11.16^b

FBS (mg/dL)

90.67 ± 8.76^a

211.53 ± 44.86^c

89.76 ± 9.07^a

174.0 ± 47.63^b

HbA1c (%)

5.44 ± 0.40^a

7.97 ± 1.12^b

5.66 ± 0.50^a

7.62 ± 1.18^b

HOMA-IR

1.93 ± 0.34^a

4.36 ± 0.88^b

2.33 ± 0.69^a

4.47 ± 1.24^b

HOMA-IS

13.9 ± 2.80^c

5.88 ± 1.38^a

11.68 ± 4.11^b

6.06 ± 2.17^a

HOMA-β

115.16 ± 55.45^c

44.83 ± 15.81^b

105.36 ± 99.5^c

32.01 ± 30.2^a