Table 2 Effect of VA on the levels of biochemical parameters and Johnsen scores in testicular tissues of control and experimental rats

9.65 (7.98–10.4)

29.6 (23.4–31.2)^a

11.4 (9.18–20.1)^b

9.90 (7.30–12.8)^b

18.9 (14.2–27.6)

53.9 (50.7–57.9)^a

27.6 (17.2–40.1)^b

20.2 (15.6–26.7)^b,c

1.24 (1.19–1.29)

0.70 (0.67–0.75)^a

1.00 (0.89–1.10)^a,b

1.17 (1.07–1.19)^b

1.55 (1.11–2.22)

7.52 (7.05–8.33)^a

2.62 (1.94–3.78)^a,b

1.73 (1.42–2.31)^b

4.87 (3.88–5.64)

14.1 (11.7–15.1)^a

8.36 (6.79–11.2)^a,b

4.79 (4.23–5.62)^b,c

1.49 (1.40–1.76)

0.54 (0.44–0.62)^a

0.83 (0.64–1.12)^a,b

1.00 (0.89–1.52)^b

7.20 (6.25–8.48)

3.10 (2.63–3.30)^a

3.75 (2.78–5.20)^a

7.15 (5.85–8.53)^b,c

46.0 (39.8–49.3)

207.1 (175.0–226.6)^a

82.5 (47.1–129.9)^a,b

56.1 (50.6–58.5)^b

105.5 (96.5–114.8)

307.9 (285.1–323.9)^a

194.7 (145.4–314.3)^a

118.8 (106.9–139.9)^b,c

0.14 (0.12–0.15)

0.74 (0.66–0.98)^a

0.38 (0.21–0.91)^a

0.10 (0.04–0.26)^b,c

30.6 (26.2–35.9)

165.3 (156.0–189.6)^a

91.1 (80.1–109.2)^a,b

31.9 (28.5–38.3)^b,c

0.74 (0.65–0.80)

1.76 (1.58–1.93)^a

1.03 (0.60–1.54)^b

0.73 (0.54–0.80)^b

34.5 (27.6–37.9)

197.6 (163.5–223.4)^a

120.2 (85.2–159.0)^a,b

24.1 (21.0–36.5)^b,c

47.6 (33.4–58.7)

174.1 (162.8–181.7)^a

81.7 (60.1–120.6)^a,b

45.6 (38.5–51.8)^b,c

123.4 (106.4–146.1)

323.2 (257.2–343.8)^a

187.4 (136.1–281.0)^a,b

145.5 (119.7–157.8)^b

0.16 (0.09–0.26)

0.99 (0.74–1.08)^a

0.67 (0.47–0.86)^a

0.26 (0.18–0.28)^b,c

9.5 (8–10)

7 (6–8)^a

7.5 (7–8)^a

8 (8–9)^b,c