Fig. 4From: Interleukin-22 and interleukin-33 show up-regulated levels in the serum of patients with mild/moderate Coronavirus disease 2019Heat-map matrix of correlation (Spearman's rank correlation analysis) between IL-22, IL-33, granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (GLR), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) among COVID- 19 patients only, healthy controls (HC) only, and patients plus HC. Values inside boxes indicate the correlation coefficient (rs). Red color indicates a positive correlation, while blue color indicates a negative correlation. IL-22 and IL-33 showed no significant correlation in COVID-19 patients (rs = − 0.12; p = 0.258) or HC (rs = 0.03; p = 0.775). In addition, both cytokines showed no significant correlation with GLR and ESR in patients or HC. IL-33 and ESR were an exception and showed significant positive correlation in HC (rs = 0.21; p = 0.049). GLR negatively correlated with ESR in patients (rs = − 0.33) and HC (rs = − 0.17), but the correlation was only significant in patients (p = 0.001). However, the pattern of correlations was different when the analysis was performed in all participants (COVID-19 patients plus HC). IL-22 positively correlated with IL-33 (rs = 0.52; p < 0.001), GLR (rs = 0.41; p < 0.001), and ESR (rs = 0.66; p < 0.001). IL-33 positively correlated with GLR (rs = 0.38; p < 0.001) and ESR (rs = 0.59; p < 0.001). Finally, a positive correlation between GLR and ESR was found (rs = 0.35; p < 0.001)Back to article page