Skip to main content

Table 1 Natural sources and pharmaceutical properties of flavonols

From: Natural flavonols: actions, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic utility for various diseases

Name

Pharmaceutical’s properties

Natural sources

Reference

Apigenin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective

Chamomile, parsley, onions, oranges, wheat sprouts

[176]

Catechin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer

Green tea, cocoa, apples, grapes, berries, and other fruits and vegetables

[11, 78, 103, 114]

Epicatechin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer

Cocoa, tea, apples, grapes, berries, and other fruits and vegetables

[11, 20, 54]

Eriodictyol

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and cardioprotective

Citrus fruits, parsley, and other fruits and vegetables

[35]

Fisetin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Strawberries, apples, persimmons, grapes, onions, cucumbers, and other fruits and vegetables

[83, 182, 183]

Hesperetin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Citrus fruits, especially oranges

[129, 158, 182, 183]

Kaempferol

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Tea, broccoli, kale, spinach, beans, berries, and other fruits and vegetables

[6, 119]

Myricetin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimalarial, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Berries, grapes, onions, tea, and other fruits and vegetables

[90, 91, 143, 146]

Naringenin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Citrus fruits, especially grapefruits

[9, 130]

Pinocembrin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Propolis, honey, and some fruits and vegetables

[39]

Procyanidins

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer

Cocoa, red wine, apples, grapes, berries, and other fruits and vegetables

[26]

Quercetin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anti-hypertension, antimalarial, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective

Onions, apples, grapes, berries, broccoli, tea, red wine, and many other fruits and vegetables

[7, 40, 134]

Rutin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Buckwheat, asparagus, citrus fruits, and other fruits and vegetables

[46, 113, 131, 174]

Silymarin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and hepatoprotective

Milk thistle

[2, 102]

Taxifolin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Milk thistle, onions, citrus fruits, and other fruits and vegetables

[133, 151, 152]

Theaflavins

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective

Black tea

[88]

Thearubigin

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti tumor, anti-hypertensive

Black tea

[95]