Table 5 Phytochemical components of Peganum harmala ethanolic extract as identified by GC-MS analysis

1

12.21

5-Cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methylisoquinoline

2.74

C₁₁H₁₂N₂

Quinoline derivative

No activity reported

2

13.57

6-Ethoxyquinaldine

6.00

C₁₂H₁₃NO

Quinoline derivative

No activity reported

3

15.17

Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester

1.44

C₁₈H₃₆O₂

Fatty acid

Anti-inflammatory

[41]

4

15.58

4-Acetamido-1,2,3,4-tetra hydroisoquinoline

1.73

C₁₁H₁₄N₂O

Quinoline derivative

No activity reported

5

16.57

8,11-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester

1.55

C₁₉H₃₄O₂

Fatty acid

No activity reported

6

16.66

2,5-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester

1.83

C₁₉H₃₀O₂

Fatty acid

No activity reported

7

17.57

6-Octadecenoic acid, (Z)-

2.09

C₁₈H₃₄O₂

Fatty acid

Anticancer and insect repellant

[26]

8

19.58

5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, methyl ester

2.49

C₂₁H₃₂O₂

Fatty acid

-Antimicrobial

-Anti-osteoporosis

-Cardio-protective

[42]

[43]

[44]

9

21.24

Hexadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester

63.13

C₁₇H₂₈O₂

Fatty acid

-Cardio-protective

-Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory

[26]

[31]

10

21.30

Cis-9-octadecenoic acid

11.43

C₁₈H₃₄O₂

Fatty acid

-Anticancer, anemiagenic, insect repellent, antiandrogenic, dermatitigenic, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, cancer preventive, hepatoprotective, nematicide, antihistaminic, antieczemic, antiacne, alpha reductase inhibitor, antiandrogenic, antiarthritic, and anticoronary

[26]

11

21.39

Rhodopin

3.73

C₄₀H₅₈O

Carotenoid

Antioxidant

[26]

12

21.72

4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid, methyl ester

3.68

C₂₃H₃₄O₂

Fatty acid

Dietary DHA is essential for brain functioning and it has a positive effect on diseases such as hypertention, arthritis, atherosclerosis, depression, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, heart disease, and some cancers

[45]

13

22.62

Betamethasone valerate

1.85

C₂₇H₃₇FO₆

Corticosteroid

Treatment of psoriasis, eczema, and other dermatoses

[46]

14

24.51

9-Octadecenamide, (Z)-

2.37

C₁₈H₃₅NO

Fatty acid derivative

Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial

[47]