Table 1 Analysis of pre-planting and post-harvest soils with ICP-OES

pH (H₂O)

6.53 ± 0.03^a

6.67 ± 0.07^a

6.62 ± 0.02^a

6.62 ± 0.04^a

6.62 ± 0.12^a

6.59 ± 0.03^a

Organic carbon (%)

454.28 ± 14.27^a

442.50 ± 22.16^b

463.07 ± 16.97^c

453.86 ± 42.06^a

447.14 ± 39.66^a,b

464.31 ± 21.21^c

Organic matter (%)

783.18 ± 24.60^a

762.83 ± 30.23^b

798.98 ± 29.26^c

782.17 ± 72.51^a

770.89 ± 68.37^d

800.47 ± 36.57^c

Clay (%)

12.22 ± 1.05^a

12.63 ± 0.86^a

12.84 ± 1.42^a

12.81 ± 0.56^a

12.26 ± 0.79^a

12.85 ± 1.37^a

Silt (%)

29.19 ± 0.89^a

29.29 ± 0.04^a

29.36 ± 1.44^a

29.40 ± 0.84^a

29.23 ± 0.66^a

29.51 ± 1.08^a

Sand (%)

58.59 ± 0.95^a

58.07 ± 1.17^a

58.34 ± 0.99^a

57.79 ± 0.27^a

58.66 ± 1.12^a

57.64 ± 0.86^a

CEC (cmol_cKg⁻¹)

7.54 ± 0.22^a

7.98 ± 0.82^b

8.39 ± 0.76^c

7.93 ± 0.61^b

8.01 ± 0.67^ab

8.16 ± 0.66^b

N (mgkg⁻¹)

544.18 ± 7.14^a

573.33 ± 6.99^b

576.68 ± 5.44^b

568.32 ± 4.06^b,c

552.43 ± 7.87^c

540.31 ± 6.32^a

P (mgkg⁻¹)

13.45 ± 0.55^a

12.95 ± 0.15^a

13.94 ± 0.88^a

13.13 ± 0.63^a

12.90 ± 0.01^a

13.68 ± 0.18^a

K (mgkg⁻¹)

91.20 ± 0.03^a

92.44 ± 0.02^a

93.07 ± 0.07^a

98.50 ± 0.05^b

96.68 ± 0.72^b

108.24 ± 0.08^c

Na (mgkg⁻¹)

16.21 ± 0.05^a

18.97 ± 1.07^a,b

14.16 ± 0.17^c

17.57 ± 0.07^a,b

15.33 ± 0.09^a

19.31 ± 0.17^b

Ca (mgkg⁻¹)

38.09 ± 0.01^a

43.40 ± 0.03^b

44.18 ± 0.00 ^b

40.43 ± 0.00^a,b

41.17 ± 0.02^a,b

38.38 ± 0.00^a

Mg (mgkg⁻¹)

29.86 ± 0.77^a

31.09 ± 0.59^a

32.88 ± 0.18^a,b

34.21 ± 0.22^b

31.19 ± 0.02^a

34.23 ± 0.07^b

Be (mgkg⁻¹)

nd

0.0029 ± 0.00^a

0.0008 ± 0.00^b

0.0021 ± 0.00^a

0.0005 ± 0.00^b

0.0658 ± 0.00^c

Fe (mgkg⁻¹)

51.80 ± 0.20^a

50.12 ± 0.06^a

52.45 ± 0.34^a

52.79 ± 0.59^a

51.12 ± 0.24^a

51.00 ± 0.74^a

Mn (mgkg⁻¹)

1.65 ± 0.01^a

1.62 ± 0.00^a

1.63 ± 0.01^a

1.29 ± 0.02^b

1.13 ± 0.01^c

1.67 ± 0.01^a

Zn (mgkg⁻¹)

1.30 ± 0.00^a

1.45 ± 0.00^b

1.38 ± 0.00^a,b

1.58 ± 0.00^c

1.37 ± 0.00^a,b

1.77 ± 0.01^d

Cu (mgkg⁻¹)

1.23 ± 0.02^a

1.47 ± 0.00^b

1.43 ± 0.01^b

1.93 ± 0.37^c

1.51 ± 0.01^b

1.94 ± 0.54^c

Ni (mgkg⁻¹)

0.038 ± 0.00^a

0.035 ± 0.00^a

0.017 ± 0.00^b

0.041 ± 0.01^a,c

0.024 ± 0.00^b

0.049 ± 0.01^c

Cd (mgkg⁻¹)

0.49 ± 0.00^a

0.108 ± 0.00^b

0.107 ± 0.00^b

0.108 ± 0.00^b

0.102 ± 0.00^b

0.69 ± 0.00^c

Pb (mgkg⁻¹)

0.25 ± 0.01^a

0.21 ± 0.01^a,b

0.17 ± 0.00^b

0.18 ± 0.00^b

0.19 ± 0.01^b

0.32 ± 0.01^c

Cr (mgkg⁻¹)

0.18 ± 0.00^a

0.15 ± 0.01^a

0.14 ± 0.00^a

0.143 ± 0.01^b

0.127 ± 0.01^b

0.193 ± 0.01^c

As (mgkg⁻¹)

nd

0.108 ± 0.00^a

nd

nd

0.0030 ± 0.00^b

0.184 ± 0.01^c

ESP (cmol_cKg⁻¹)

0.095 ± 0.01^a,c

0.103 ± 0.01^a

0.078 ± 0.00^b

0.094 ± 0.00^a,c

0.087 ± 0.00 ^c

0.100 ± 0.00^a