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Table 3 Germination and physiological indices of M. oleifera grown under different soil conditions

From: Responses of Moringa oleifera to alteration in soil properties induced by calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs) on mineral absorption, physiological indices and photosynthetic indicators

Groups

Root length

Shoot length

number of leaves

Vigour index

Percentage germination

Relative water content

Photosynthetic pigments (mg/g of fresh weight)

       

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Carotenoids

A

3.42 ± 0.16 a

10.94 ± 1.14 a

41.86 ± 2.51 a

826.28 ± 7.18a

57.54 ± 5.52 a

36.77 ± 0.65 a,d

1.53 ± 0.33 a

1.35 ± 0.92 a

3.22 ± 0.68 a

B

3.38 ± 0.06 a

12.46 ± 0.08b,c

45.57 ± 1.48 a,c

986.67 ± 3.36b

62.29 ± 4.17a

31.03 ± 0.93a

1.31 ± 0.44 a

2.41 ±0.78 b

3.03± 0.23 a

C

4.62 ± 0.26 b

15.61 ± 1.51c

59.02 ± 3.12 b

1631.75 ± 11.81c

80.66 ± 2.88c

63.60 ± 04.72b

4.45 ± 0.35 c

3.66 ± 0.03 c

6.07 ± 0.47 b

D

3.99 ± 0.43c

14.11 ± 1.21c

47.71 ± 0.82 c

1319.68 ± 2.15 d

74.39 ± 1.33d

58.49 ± 6.32c

3.24 ± 0.09 b

2.20 ± 0.19 b

4.98 ± 0.32 c

E

3.63 ± 0.39a

10.66 ± 0.03 a

40.43 ± 2.89 a

819.27 ± 1.75a

60.02 ± 4.28a

39.03 ± 3.33d

2.42 ± 0.22 c

1.59 ± 0.25 a

4.18 ± 0.82 d

  1. Group A: water (control), group B: 100 mg Ca(NO3)2/kg soil, group C: 100 mg CaNPs/kg soil, group D: 75 mg CaNPs/kg soil, group E: 50 mg CaNPs/kg soil. Results of percentage germination, root length, shoot length, relative water contents, vigour index and growth tolerance index are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of fourteen replicates while number of leaves was expressed as mean ± standard deviation of leaves on fourteen replicates. Results having different superscripts along the column are significantly different (p < 0.05)