Table 1 Different techniques for physicochemical characterization of AgNPs
Techniques | Physicochemical characteristic analyzed |
|---|---|
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) | Elemental and chemical composition at the surface |
Zeta potential | Stability referring to the surface |
Infrared spectroscopy (MS) | Structure and conformation of bioconjugates, functional group analysis |
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) | Size and size distribution, shape, aggregation |
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | Size and size distribution, shape heterogeneity, aggregation |
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) | Hydrodynamic size distribution |
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) | Size and shape of nanomaterials |
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) | Structure, composition, purity |
Mass spectrometry (MS) | Molecular weight, composition, structure |
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) | Size and size distribution, shape, structure, aggregation |