Table 3 List of articles selected to compose the systematic review
Title | References | Blood fluid models | Flow modeling and assumptions | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis of wall shear stress in stented coronary artery using 3D computational fluid dynamics modeling | [2] | Newtonian | Laminar, steady-state | Number of struts (small cells that make up the stent), the profile and the distance between them are the geometric parameters that most influence the flow |
Predicting neointimal hyperplasia in stented arteries using time-dependent computational fluid dynamics: A review | [5] | Review of models employed up to 2010 | Review of models employed up to 2010 | It was possible to observe trends in research and the results of evaluations of which commercial models were the most efficient |
The influence of strut-connectors in stented vessels: A comparison of pulsatile flow through five coronary stents | [8] | Non-Newtonian (Carreau model) | Laminar, pulsatile | The length of the struts and their alignment with the flow were the factors that most influenced hemodynamics |
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of blood flow in two coronary stents | [9] | Newtonian | Laminar, steady-state and pulsatile | Closed-cell stent was more efficient than open-cell stent |
Optimization of cardiovascular stent design using computational fluid dynamics | [10] | Newtonian | Laminar, pulsatile | From the application of an optimization algorithm for the geometry of the stents, it was possible to observe that the optimal angle between the struts was 40° |
Hemodynamic simulation of intra-stent blood flow | [11] | Newtonian | Laminar, steady-state and pulsatile | As for the models used to characterize the blood, the Newtonian model proved to be quite efficient and the one that reduces the computational effort. As for the flow, the transient regime (pulsatile) was necessary to have more accurate results |
Identification of hemodynamically optimal coronary stent designs based on vessel caliber | [12] | Newtonian | Laminar, pulsatile | For good hemodynamic conditions (high WSS) the larger the diameter of the vessel, the greater the number of struts was necessary |
Cardiovascular stent design and wall shear stress distribution in coronary stented arteries | [13] | Non-Newtonian (Carreau model) | Laminar, steady-state | The thickness of the struts had the main effect on wall shear stress |
A sensitivity analysis of stent design parameters using CFD | [14] | Non-Newtonian (Carreau model) | Laminar, steady-state | The most important parameter to be analyzed is the thickness of the stents’ struts |
Effects of cardiovascular stent design on wall shear stress distribution in straight and curved arteries | [15] | Non-Newtonian (Carreau model) | Laminar, steady-state | In the case of arteries without curvature, the geometric profile of the struts does not influence the shear stress. However, for arteries with curvature these values vary considerably |
Effects of the inlet conditions and blood models on accurate prediction of hemodynamics in the stented coronary arteries | [16] | Newtonian and non-Newtonian | Laminar, steady-state and pulsatile | Modeling blood as a Newtonian fluid may overestimate the WSS result. Transient regime brings more accurate results |
Comparison of stented bifurcation and straight vessel 3D-simulation with a prior simulated velocity profile inlet | [17] | Non-Newtonian (Carreau model) | Laminar, steady-state | The analysis of a bifurcated artery could be replaced by a simpler geometry (without bifurcation) with good results for the angle of branches of 70° and 90° |
Evaluation of coronary flow conditions in complex coronary artery bifurcations stenting using computational fluid dynamics: Impact of final proximal optimization technique on different double-stent techniques | [18] | Non-Newtonian (Carreau model) | Laminar, steady-state | The authors tested different stent techniques for a bifurcated artery with a 50° angle (Nano-Crush, Modified T, DK-Crush and Cullote). The "Nano-Crush" and "Modified T" were the best techniques for this type of configuration |
The conical stent in coronary artery improves hemodynamics compared with the traditional cylindrical stent | [19] | Newtonian | Laminar, steady-state | When using the non-commercial conical profile for the stents, it was observed that it is more efficient than the cylindrical one, presenting regions with higher values of WSS |
Valuation of implanted-stent impact on coronary artery trifurcation blood flow by using CFD | [20] | Newtonian | Laminar, steady-state | It was found that the position of the stent when placed in an artery with trifurcation influences hemodynamics. This can be observed by obtaining results with different shear stress distributions for different stent placements |
Investigation of flow characteristics of coronary slot stents using computational fluid dynamics | [21] | Newtonian | Laminar, steady-state | As observed in previous works, the thickness of the struts has a considerable influence on the WSS values |