Fig. 4

A Level of DNA damage expressed as strand breaks (SB), 24 h (plain bars) and 48 h (dashed bars) following IV injection of nanoparticles (0–100 mg/kg body weight) to Wistar rats (n = 8)—illustrating increasing DNA damage due to tissue exposure to liposomes (*p < 0.05 vs control). Reprinted from [71], an article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). B Change in Chinchilla rabbits body weight (n = 10) following daily IV injection of doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded PLGA NPs with and without poloxamer 188 coat (P188)—illustrating the toxicological benefit of Dox encapsulation in NPs. Reprinted from [111], with permission from Elsevier (licence number 5474400895276). IONPs concentration-dependent MTT cytotoxicity (C1) (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 vs control) and % induction of ROS generation (C2) (*p < 0.01; **p < 0.001 vs control) in human lung alveolar epithelial cells following incubation over 24 h (n = 3)—highlighting oxidative stress as mechanism for IONPs cytotoxicity. Reprinted from [34], with permission from Elsevier (licence number 5474441325417)