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Table 1 The intrinsic antibiotic resistance mechanisms in K. pneumoniae

From: Overcoming Klebsiella pneumoniae antibiotic resistance: new insights into mechanisms and drug discovery

Resistance mechanism

Antibiotic class

References

Antibiotic modifying or inactivating enzyme

β-Lactam

[9,10,11,12, 15, 16]

Bacterial influx

β-lactam and fluoroquinolones

[7]

Efflux pump

β-lactam, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracycline

[7]

Biofilm formation

Aminoglycoside, penicillin, and quinolone

[8]