Table 3 Comparison of physicochemical and kinetic parameters of rCel_TP enzyme with other cellulases

Bacillus licheniformis A5 [67]

pH 6, 60 °C

ND

Residual activity 82% at 80 °C for 120 min

ND

ND

Bacillus licheniformis PANG L [68]

pH 5, 70 °C

K_m -1.8 mg/ml, V_max 10.92 μg/ml/min

Residual activity 67% at 55 °C for 1 h

ND

Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Ba²⁺

Bacillus sp DUSELR13[23]

pH 5, 75 °C

K_m 3.11 mg/ml; V_max 0.56 U/ml

Residual activity 78% at 70 °C for 1 day

ND

ND

Cohnella sp. A01 [48]

pH 7 and 50 °C

K_m 0.46 mM, K_cat 104.30 × 10^–3 (S⁻¹) and K_cat/K_m 226.73 (M⁻¹ S⁻¹)

Residual activity of 95% and 75% at 60 and 70 °C after 1 h

56 kDa

Na⁺, Li⁺, Ca²⁺

Geobacillus sp. TP-3 (This study)

pH 8, 50 °C

K_m116.78 mg/mL V_max 44.05 µmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹

Residual activity ~ 50% within 50 to 70 °C for 1.5 h

 ~ 40.2 kDa

Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺

Geobacillus sp. HTA 486 [51]

pH7, 60 °C

CMCase activity 103.67 U/mL

Stable at 50–70 °C for 5 h

40 kDa

Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺

Geobacillussp. T1 [55]

pH 6.5, 70 °C

Specific activity 5.79 U/mg

Stable at 60 °C for 1 h

54 kDa

ND

Geobacillus thermodenitrificans Y7 [49]

pH 8.6, 50 °C

K_m 0.310 mg/mL V_max 0.024 μmol/mg/min

Retained 53.79% activity at70◦C after 30 min

40.4 kDa,

Mn2 + , Fe2 + and Co2 + 

Geobacillus sp. KP43 [54]

pH 7, 70 °C

CMCase activity 0.018U/ml

Maximum residual activity at 70 °C for 1 h

66 kDa

Fe²⁺

Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1 [23]

pH5, 70 °C

K_m1.08 mg/ml,V_max 1.27 U/ml,

Residual activity 89% at 70 °C for 1 day

ND

ND

Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius NBCB1 [69]

pH 5.5, 60 °C,

CMCase activity crystalline cellulose 305 IU/mg and amorphous cellulose 184 IU/mg

Residual activity 100% at 60 °C for 1 h in

≈33 kDa

Zn²⁺

Thermotoga maritime [70]

pH 7.0., 70 °C

K_m 5.1 mg/mL,V_max682 U/mg,

 > 50% of its activity after pre-incubation at 80 °C for 5 h

79 kDa

Mn²⁺ and Ca²⁺