Skip to main content
Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
Download PDF

Potential antibiotic-producing fungal strains isolated from pharmaceutical waste sludge

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences volume 8, Article number: 18 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Antibiotic resistance and dearth of novel compounds from natural sources warrants the need to search other environments for potential antibiotic-producing microbial species. The study investigated isolation and identification of antibiotic-producing fungi from pharmaceutical waste sludge.

Results

Seven hundred and ninety-seven isolates obtained from sludge of seven pharmaceutical industries in Sango Ota, Ogun State using several growth media, with mould isolates highest (696). Isolated species were from genera Aspergillus (28.55%), Penicillium (18.35%), Trichoderma (13.44%), Rhizopus (10.21%) and Geotrichum (4.01%), and Stachybotrys (0.13%). The CFS of strains named Geotrichum candidum OMON-1, Talaromyces pinophilus OKHAIN-12, and Penicillium citrinum PETER-OOA1 had high reproducible bioactivity against Staphylococcus aureus (32 ± 0.12 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (29 ± 0.12 mm) while P. citrinum MASTER-RAA2 had activity against K. pneumoniae only. Active metabolites were successfully extracted using Diaion HP-20 and methanol:iso-propanol:acetone (6:3:1 v/v). Antibacterial-active fractions of fungal extract successfully eluted with 40–60% NaCl on ion-exchange chromatography using a cation column.

Conclusions

The study successfully screened antibiotic-producing fungal species from pharmaceutical waste storage facilities. Study also showed that similar species from same toxic environment could potentially produce different metabolites.

Background

Natural antibiotics are chemical substances derived from microorganisms, which destroy and/or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms [1]. Due to the constant need for antibiotics to cure infections and diseases, several antibiotics have been introduced for clinical use, from the discovery of penicillin to the various synthetically derived modifications presently in use. However, since the end of the antibiotic boom era in the 1980s, dwindling fortune is being experienced in the discovery and introduction of new antimicrobial compounds of microbial origin for clinical use. Only nine new antibiotics were approved in the first decade of the 2000s, while no new class has been discovered since the 1980s [2].

According to Hamburg’s Academy of Sciences and Humanities/German National Academy of Sciences [3], 73% of antibiotics approved between 1981 and 2005 were structural modification of compounds in five antibiotic classes, with only three novel classes introduced over the past 30 years [4, 5]. Coupled with increased antibiotic resistance, there is a need for a continuous search for novel antibiotics discovery.

Over 23,000 antibiotic compounds have been sourced from microbial species isolated from natural habitats [6]; therefore, the need to seek new habitats as sources for microbial communities with possible antimicrobial properties, leading to novel antimicrobial compounds. These could include urban parks for well-known species with antibiotic scaffolds, desert, or extreme marine environment for rare microorganisms [7, 8].

Pharmaceutical dumpsites have not been explored as a possible source of microorganisms with antimicrobial properties. In Nigeria, pharmaceutical industries practice indiscriminate disposal of wastes (both hazardous and non-hazardous) into the environment without proper treatment [9]. Pharmaceutical waste storage facilities represent an alternative and unusual environment that could be a source of microorganisms with diverse chemical scaffolds. Incessant disposal of untreated chemical wastes into such a facility could result in the survival of microflora with specialized metabolism, leading to novel antibiotic-related properties [10]. The aim of this study was to screen fungal species isolated from pharmaceutical waste storage facilities for bioactivity and determine the antibacterial potential of extract from identified bioactive strains.

Methods

Location and sample collection

Sludge samples (10 g each) were aseptically collected from the base of waste storage tanks of seven drug-producing pharmaceutical industries in Sango-Ota Industrial area of Ogun State, Nigeria (6° 42′ 46.6308′′ N, 3° 10′ 11.0172′′ E). Samples were promptly transferred to the laboratory under cold storage for immediate analysis.

Isolation

One gram of each sludge sample was suspended and vortexed (REMI CM-101, India) in 9 mL of sterilized distilled water for 2 min at room temperature. One milliliter of the dissolved solution was transferred using sterile pipettes and diluted serially until reach 10−6 dilution. Aliquots (1 mL) were inoculated on PDA, SDA, YPDA, CSPY, TSA, CDA, MEA, and R2A media (Hi-Media, India), and plates were incubated at 30 °C for 3–7 days. Distinct colonies were sub-cultured as pure isolates and stored on agar slants at 4 °C until required for further studies.

Identification of fungal isolates

The identification of fungal isolates via morphological characteristics was done using lactophenol cotton-blue stain, then compared with standards [11]. The antimicrobial-active strains were characterized by molecular technique. Genomic DNA was isolated from 48 to 72 h old fungal broth using the ZR Fungal/Bacterial DNA mini-Prep™ Kit (Zymo Research, India) protocol. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of purified DNA was carried using ITS 1 (5′–TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and NL4 (5′–GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG-3′) as forward and backward primers respectively. Nucleotide sequence was analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST-N) on the NCBI database to identify the active strains [12].

Screening for antibiotic-producing fungal isolates

Fungal spore plug (6 mm) was cut from YPDA medium onto CSPY, TSB, R2A, and YPD broth media respectively in conical flasks (100 mL). Fermentation was proceeded at 30 °C in a thermostat-regulated shaker incubator at 150 rpm for 14 days. From third day onward, 1 mL broth aliquot was centrifuged to obtain the cell-free supernatant (CFS) tested for reproducible antibacterial activity against clinical strains Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis which were obtained from the culture collection laboratory of the Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State.

Antimicrobial activity of fungal isolates

Bioactivity of CFS against both S. aureus and K. pneumoniae was determined using the agar well-diffusion method described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [13]. Briefly, bacterial inoculum (1 mL) adjusted to 105 cfu/mL (0.5 McPharland’s standard) was seeded onto Muller-Hinton agar (MHA) medium and CFS added into appropriate wells bored onto the plate using pre-sterilized cork borer (6 mm diameter). Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 18–24 h and antibiotic activity determined by clear zones of inhibition.

Extraction and bioactivity of bioactive fungal strains

Crude extract of bioactive strains was obtained from CFS using modified methods [14, 15]. Following fermentation of antibiotic-producing strains on TSB for 8–10 days, CFS was obtained by centrifuging at 9000 rpm for 15 min, and extracted via solid-liquid extraction using activated Diaion HP-20 beads at room temperature. Bounded active compounds were eluted using methanol:iso-propanol:acetone (6:3:1 v/v) for optimum recovery. Eluted crude extract was concentrated under vacuum on a rotary evaporator (rotavap) at 60 rpm with chiller temperature 9–12 °C, water bath at 35–45 °C and vacuum pump pressure at 140 mmPa. Antibiotic activity of the extract was confirmed via agar well-diffusion method as previously described.

Partial separation of antimicrobial extracts

Separation of antimicrobial extracts attempted via Ion Exchange Column Chromatography (IECC) protocol [16]. CM-Sepharose CL-B6 beads (Pharmacia, Sweden) and 1M NaCl, buffered with 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 5.0) were stationary and mobile phases respectively. Briefly, the crude extract was passed through stationary bed (1.5 mL/min) for binding, and compounds eluted with NaCl(aq) in a gradient system (0–100%, 2.5 mL/min). Collected fractions were tested for antibacterial activity to determine eluted fraction which retained bioactive compounds.

Results

Fungal isolation and characterization

Seven hundred and ninety-seven (797) isolates were obtained, and filamentous fungi were 696 isolates (87.3% of the total isolates) while the rest were yeast-like colonies. The different fungal genera isolated are described in Fig. 1. Aspergillus (28.55%) was the most identified genus, while Stachybotrys (0.13%) was least observed. Other important genera identified included isolates of Penicillium (18.35%), Trichoderma (13.44%), Rhizopus (10.21%), and pleomorphic Geotrichum (4.01%). Based on 18S rRNA sequencing data, four isolates which had reproducible antibacterial activity were identified as Geotrichum candidum OMON-1, Talaromyces pinophilus OKHAIN-12, Penicillium citrinum PETER-OOA1, and Penicillium citrinum MASTER-RAA2. Their phylogenetic relationships are described in Fig. 2 and nucleotide sequences submitted to GenBank.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Percentage distribution of fungal genera that were isolated from pharmaceutical waste sites’ sludge

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Phylogenetic tree describing the evolutionary relationship between antibiotic-producing strains and selected species from NCBI BLAST database

Full size image

Table 1 and Plate 1a–f detailed the colonial and morphological characteristics of antibacterial-producing strains G. candidum OMON-1, T. pinophilus OKHAIN-12, P. citrinum PETER-OOA1, and P. citrinum MASTER-RAA2. Geotrichum candidum OMON-1 grows as smooth, cheese-colored colonies with entire margins and presence of white-colored aerial mycelia after 24 h. A characteristic of all growth media is its fruity smell after 24–48 h of growth. Microscopic observation of G. candidum OMON-1 (Plate 1b) shows septate hyphae releasing rod-shaped asexual spores known as arthrospores at either ends or other openings on the structure.

Table 1 Morphological characteristics of antibiotic-producing fungal strains isolated from pharmaceutical waste sludge
Full size table
Plate 1
figure 3

Antibacterial-active fungal colonies on different growth media

Full size image

Talaromyces pinophilus OKHAIN-12, a filamentous fungus, grows as yellow colonies on SDA (Plate 1c), greenish-yellow on PDA and CDA, white with green spores on TSA and YPDA, and as white mycelium with orange spores on MEA medium, respectively. A red pigment deposit in the medium produced from 48 h onwards was observed on all growth media. Pigment production was most pronounced in MEA but poorly expressed on PDA. Mycelia grow as a mass of septate hyphae which branches into broom-like conidiophores with conidiospores given off at the tip (Plate 1d). Penicillium citrinum PETER-OOA1 and Penicillium citrinum MASTER-RAA2 showed similar growth of white filamentous colonies with green spores on all growth media. Colonies grow as crateriform and no pigmentation observed (Plate 2e). In addition, septate hyphae and conidiospores were observed.

Antibacterial activity of bioextracts

Antibacterial activity of fungal extracts against pathogenic bacteria strains following CFS extraction was presented in Table 2. G. candidum OMON-1 inhibited the growth of S. aureus highest (32 ± 0.12 mm zone of inhibition) while T. pinophilus OKHAIN-12 extract showed the highest activity against K. pneumoniae (29 ± 0.11 mm). Furthermore, G. candidum OMON-1 inhibited only S. aureus while P. citrinum MASTER-RAA2 extract inhibited K. pneumoniae only. However, Talaromyces pinophilus OKHAIN-12 and P. citrinum PETER-OOA1 inhibited both S. aureus and K. pneumoniae.

Table 2 Antibacterial activity of bioactive extracts of fungi strains screened from pharmaceutical waste sludge
Full size table

Separation of active fractions from bioextracts

Separation of crude extract of potential antibiotic-producing isolates to sequester active compound via ion-exchange chromatography is described in Table 3. The bioactive extract was separated into ten fractions and bioassay showed that fractions 4–5 of G. candidum OMON-1 eluted with 40–50% NaCl inhibited S. aureus growth and no activity against K. pneumoniae. Similarly, bioactive compounds of T. pinophilus OKHAIN-12 and P. citrinum PETER-OOA1 were obtained in fractions eluted with 40–60% NaCl. However, bioactive compounds of P. citrinum MASTER-RAA2 were eluted with 70–100% NaCl, and inhibited only K. pneumoniae growth.

Table 3 Bioactivity of fractions of G. candidum OMON-1, T. pinophilus OKHAIN-12, P. citrinum PETER-OOA1, and P. citrinum MASTER-RAA2 antimicrobial extracts separated using ion-exchange chromatography
Full size table

Discussions

Isolation of 797 species indicates that high number of organisms were able to survive the chemically contaminated environment. Production of antibacterial activity by four strains indicates their ability to use the chemical and other contaminants as substrates for growth and production of specialized metabolites. Fungi are also reported in various industrial environments for their ability to produce metabolites of economic importance, while their ability to degrade different organic and industrial wastes has been widely reported [17,18,19]. Similarly, fungal contamination of pharmaceutical environment and products has been reported [20], but there is paucity of information on fungi indigenous to pharmaceutical industries’ wastes. Species of common fungal genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Mucor, and Rhizopus isolated from pharmaceutical sludge further confirms ubiquitous nature of fungi. Furthermore, Obuekwe et al. [21] also reported isolation of P. chrysogenum, A. flavus, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces spp. in pharmaceutical products. In the same vein, Cladosporium spp and Alternaria spp. have also been reported as contaminants of antibiotics and synthetic drugs [22]. These isolates are termed indoor fungi and indigenous to most homes, and their presence could be due to the introduction by humans [23].

Geotrichum candidum OMON-1, an anamorph of Galactomyces geotrichum, is a strain in the Geotrichum genus that are borderline yeast-mold species presenting aerial mycelium on yeast-like colonies on different growth media [24]. Anamorphism describes the asexual state of a fungus, and the observation of asexual arthrospores in G. candidum OMON-1 hyphae supports its identification [25]. Furthermore, in spite of a few reports about G. candidum metabolites with antibacterial property, they have been reported as important in cheese-making [26]. However, two antimicrobial compounds were purified from G. candidum by Dieuleveux et al. [27], while broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of G. candidum from root biome of date palm trees has also been reported [28].

Similarly, Talaromyces pinophilus OKHAIN-12 belongs to the Talaromyces genus, an anamorphic stage of Penicillium. Beside their pigment production, Talaromyces spp. from different habitats were reported as producers of a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites [29, 30]. Furthermore, Silva Lima et al. [31] reported crude extract of pre-treated T. Pinophilus possessed in vitro antibiotic activity against Helicobacter pylori and Listeria monocytogenes.

Conversely, the genus Penicillium is known for antibiotic production, and P. citrinum are reported producers of bioactive compounds. Recently, Qader et al. [32] purified an antitumor antibiotic from an endophytic strain, while Diep et al. [33] also reported the purification of several bioactive compounds in a strain isolated from the sponge.

Based on the antibacterial activity of fungal crude extracts, it was deduced that G. candidum OMON-1 and Penicillium citrinum MASTER-RAA2 produce compounds with narrow-spectrum activity, while both Talaromyces pinophilus OKHAIN-12 and P. citrinum PETER-OOA1 possibly produce broad-spectrum compounds. Furthermore, similar antibacterial activity of P. citrinum against S. aureus and E. coli has previously been reported [34]. However, the difference in antibacterial activity spectrum of P. citrinum PETER-OOA1 and P. citrinum MASTER-RAA2 extracts indicates different antibiotic compounds produced. This could be attributed to production of different metabolites from a similar pathway [35].

For compound separation, ion-exchange column chromatography separates based on the presence of charged groups (polarity) on desired molecules [36]. Therefore, the antibacterial activity of specific fractions against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae indicates a successful separation of different bioactive compounds. Furthermore, successful separation of bioextract by cation-exchange column indicates elution of positively charged bioactive compound [37]. In addition, elution of bioactive compounds using 40–50% NaCl indicates the presence of weakly charged compounds, while 70–100% NaCl elution indicates strongly charged compounds [38].

Conclusion

The study successfully isolated fungal isolates from pharmaceutical waste storage facilities. Screening confirmed four strains with antibiotic production potential based on reproducible antibacterial property. Active extract of producer strains was successfully sequestered via solid-liquid extraction, while the attempted separation of bioactive fragment using ion-exchange chromatography yielded bioactive fractions with mostly weakly charged antibiotic compounds. Further purification and characterization of antibiotic compounds produced by antibacterial-active fungal strains should be investigated for possible novelty.

Abbreviations

BLAST-N:

Basic local alignment search tool

CDA:

Czapek-Dox agar

CFS:

Cell-free supernatant

CSPY:

Casein starch peptone yeast extract agar

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

IECC:

Ion exchange column chromatography

MEA:

Malt extract agar

MHA:

Muller-Hinton agar

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PDA:

Potato dextrose agar

SDA:

Sabouraud dextrose agar

TSA:

Tryptone soy agar

TSB:

Tryptone soy broth

YPDA:

Yeast extract potato dextrose agar

References

  1. Overbye KM, Barrett JF (2005) Antibiotics: where did we go wrong? Drug discov Today 10:45–52

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Pew Charitable Trusts. A scientific roadmap for antibiotic discovery. 2016. http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/05/ascientificroadmapforantibioticdiscovery.pdf Accessed 26 August 2019.

  3. Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Hamburg / German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (2013) Antibiotics research: Problems and perspectives Halle (Saale) ISBN: 978-3-8047-3203-2. https://www.leopoldina.org/uploads/tx_leopublication/2013_06_17_Antibiotics_Research.pdf

  4. Coates AR, Halls G, Hu Y (2011) Novel classes of antibiotics or more of the same? Brit J Pharm 163(1):184–194

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Laxminarayan R (2014) Antibiotic effectiveness: balancing conservation against innovation. Science 345(6202):1299–1301

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Xu DB, Ye WW, Han Y, Deng ZX, Hong K (2014) Natural products from mangrove actinomycetes. Marine Drug 12(5):2590–2613

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Charlop-Powers Z, Pregitzer CC, Lemetre C, Ternei MA, Maniko J, Hover BM, Calle PY, McGuire KL, Garbarino J, Forgione HM, Charlop-Powers S, Brady SF (2016) Urban park soil microbiomes are a rich reservoir of natural product biosynthetic diversity. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 113:14811–14816

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Rajeev L (2016) Antibiotic discovery. Mat Meth 8:2671

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ngwuluka NC, Ochekpe NA, Odumosu PO (2011) An assessment of pharmaceutical waste management in some Nigerian pharmaceutical industries. Afri J Biotech 10(54):11259–11264

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Peric-Concha N, Long PF (2003) Minning the microbial metabolome: a new frontier for natural product lead discovery. Drug Discov Today 6:1078–1084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Barnett HL, Hunter BB (1972) Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi 3rd Edition Burgess Publishing Co, Minneapolis, p 244

  12. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nuc Acid Res 25:3389–3402

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI (2008) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Eighteenth Informational Supplement. CLSI Document M100-S18 Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA

  14. Petit P, Lucas EMF, Abreu LM, Pfenning LH, Takahashi JA (2009) Novel antimicrobial secondary metabolites from a Penicillium sp isolated from Brazilian cerrado soil. Elect J Biotech 12(4):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  15. Okudoh VI, Wallis FM (2012) Enhanced recovery and identification of a tryptamine-Related antibiotic produced by Intrasporangium N8 from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trop J Pharm Res 11(5):729–737

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Williams A, Frasca B (1999) Ion-exchange chromatography. Curr Protoc Protein Sci 15(1):821-8230

  17. Bigelis R (2001) Fungal fermentation. Indust Encylop. Life Sci. https://doi.org/10.1038/npgels0000357

  18. Anastasi A, Tigini V, Varese GC (2013) The bioremediation potential of different ecophysiological groups of fungi. In: Goltapeh EM, Danesh YR, Varma A (eds), Fungi as bioremediators. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 29-49

    Google Scholar 

  19. Goltapeh EM, Danesh YR, Varma A (2013) fungi as bioremediators, Soil Biology, vol 32. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 489

    Book  Google Scholar 

  20. El-Houssieny RS, Aboulwafa MM, El-khatib WF, Hassouna NA-H (2013) Recovery and detection of microbial contaminants in some non-sterile pharmaceutical products. Arch Clin Microbiol 4(6:1):278

    Google Scholar 

  21. Obuekwe IF, Ogbimi AO, Obuekwe CO (2002) Microbial Contamination of Pharmaceutical Products in a Tropical Environment. Pakist J Sci Ind Res 45(5):341–344

    Google Scholar 

  22. Vijayakumar R, Sandie T, Manoharan C (2015) A review of fungal contamination in pharmaceutical products and phenotypic identification of contaminants by conventional methods. Euro J Parent Pharm Sci 17(1):4–18

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nevalainen A, Taubel M, Hyvarinen A (2015) Indoor fungi: companions and contaminants. Indoor Air 25:125–156

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Pottier I, Gente S, Vernoux JP, Guéguen M (2008) Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: Geotrichum candidum. Int J Food Microbiol 126(3):327–332

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. de Hoog G, Smith M (2004) Ribosomal gene phylogeny and species delimitation in Geotrichum and its teleomorphs. Stud Mycol 50:489–515

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sacristán N, González L, Castro JM, Fresno JM, Tornadijo ME (2011) Technological characterization of Geotrichum candidum strains isolated from a traditional Spanish goats' milk cheese. Food Microbiol 30:260–266

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Dieuleveux V, Rarah-Ratih-Adjie M, Chataud J, Gueguen M (1997) Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Geotrichum candidum. Microbiol Alim Nut 15:147–156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mefteh FB, Daoud A, Bouket AC, Alenezi FN, Luptakova L, Rateb ME, Kadri A, Gharsallah N, Belbahri L (2017) Fungal root microbiome from healthy and brittle leaf diseased Date Palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L) reveals a hidden untapped arsenal of antibacterial and broad spectrum antifungal secondary metabolites. Front Microbiol 8:307

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Nicoletti R, Trincone A (2016) Bioactive compounds produced by strains of Penicillium and Talaromyces of marine origin. Marine Drug 14:37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhai MM, Li J, Jiang CX, Shi YP, Di DL, Crews P, Wu QX (2016) The bioactive secondary metabolites from Talaromyces species. Nat Prod Bioprospect 6:1–24

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Silva Lima MTN, dos Santos LB, Bastos RW, Nicoli JR, Takahashi JA (2018) Antimicrobial activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition by extracts from chromatin modulated fungi. Braz J Microbiol 49:169–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Qader MM, Kumar NS, Jayasinghe L, Fujimoto Y (2015) Production of antitumor antibiotic GKK1032B by Penicillium citrinum, an endophytic fungus isolated from Garcinia mangostana fruits. Med Arom Plant 5:225

    Google Scholar 

  33. Diep CN, Tan Binh N, Ha Lam PV (2018) Bioactive compounds from marine fungus Penicillium citrinum strain ND7c by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharm Chem J 5(1):211–224

    Google Scholar 

  34. Noor Ifatul HMD, Lee HY, Nazamid S, Wan Norhana MN, Mahyudin NA (2016) In vitro antibacterial activity of marine-derived fungi isolated from Pulau Redang and Pulau Payar Marine Parks, Malaysia against selected food-borne pathogens. Int Food Res J 23(6):2681–2688

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Firn RD, Jones CG (2000) The evolution of secondary metabolism—a unifying model. Mol Microbiol 37(5):989–994

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Bhattacharyya L, Rohrer JS (2012) Applications of ion chromatography for pharmaceutical and biological products. John Wiley, New York, New Jersey

    Book  Google Scholar 

  37. Fritz JJ (2004) Early milestones in the development of ion-exchange chromatography: a personal account J Chrom A 1039: 3-12

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Cummins PM, Dowling O, O’Connor BF (2011) Ion-exchange chromatography: basic principles and application to the partial purification of soluble mammalian prolyl oligopeptides In. In: Walls D, Loughran ST (eds) Protein Chromatography Methods and Protocols. Springer, New York, pp 215–228

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Availability of data and material

The datasets generated during the current study are available in the GenBank repository, NCBI.These include Geotrichum candidum OMON-1 (MF431584), Talaromyces pinophilus OKHAIN-12 (MF491448), Penicillium citrinum PETER-OOA (MF491449), and Penicillium citrinum MASTER-RAA (MF491450).

Funding

Not applicable

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Sunday Osaizua Omeike

  2. Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB, 2240, Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Sarafadeen Olateju Kareem

  3. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Adebayo Aliyu Lasisi

Authors
  1. Sunday Osaizua Omeike
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sarafadeen Olateju Kareem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Adebayo Aliyu Lasisi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

OSO co-designed the study, carried out research, and wrote manuscript. KSO contributed to study design and manuscript writing. LAA advised on chemical separation design and editing manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sunday Osaizua Omeike.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Omeike, S.O., Kareem, S.O. & Lasisi, A.A. Potential antibiotic-producing fungal strains isolated from pharmaceutical waste sludge. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 8, 18 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-019-0026-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-019-0026-8

Keywords

  • Antibacterial screening
  • Pharmaceutical waste
  • Geotrichum candidum
  • Talaromyces pinophilus
  • Penicillium citrinum
  • Ion exchange chromatography