Table 1 Comparative analysis of Ocimum gratissimum, Mentha spicata, Moringa oleifera, and other leaf extracts as a repellent for mosquito. Sources: [12, 28, 38, 55,56,57,58,59]
S. no | Extract | Work done | Methodology | Results | Gaps | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | M. oleifera leaf extracts | Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringa oleifera against Anopheles stephensi liston | Soxhlet extraction method was used with methanol as solvent to isolate the oil. The oil extract was dissolved in isopropanol alcohol which served as the test sample applied at different concentrations | At 100% concentration, 90.41% repellence was observed, and 23.28% repellence decreased after 20% concentration was treated | The study was limited due to the use of one plant No analysis for the extract to know the active component and functional groups | [38] |
2 | Hyptis spicigera, Ocimum basilicum, and Striga hermonthica leaf extracts | Mosquito repellent activity and phytochemical characterization of essential oils from Hyptis spicigera, Ocimum basilicum, and Striga hermonthica leaf extracts | The essential oils were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method. Arm-in-cage techniqu55,e was applied for the repellency test with two human volunteers. Phytochemical and FTIR analysis were performed on the extracts | At 50% concentration, O. basilicum and Hyptis spicigera oil exhibited higher repellent potential on Anopheles gambiae with protection time of 183 and 120Â min, respectively, while H. spicigera and S. hermonthica had protection time of 180 and 175Â min, respectively, against Anopheles gambiae. | Failure to incorporate the oils into any repellent form as the oils was used in their raw form for the repellence test No GC-MS analysis for active components of the extracts | [55] |
3 | Lantana camara and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts | Lantana camara and Ocimum gratissimum crude extracts and fractions as Mosquito repellents against Aedes aegypti | Maceration method was used for isolating the oils using 3 solvents. Extracts were incorporated into cream formulation for the test sample with 3 volunteers | For hexane fraction extract, at the lowest dose of cream applied, a total protection time of 60 min was achieved with 63% and 64% protection for Ocimum gratissimum and L. Camara, respectively | Incorporation of the extracts into one repellent form Failure of analysis of extracts for active ingredients or functional groups | [56] |
4 | Moringa oleifera and Stachytarpheta Indica leaf extracts | Repellent activities of Moringa oleifera and Stachytarpheta Indica leaf extracts against aedes aegypti mosquito | Soxhlet extraction was used for the extraction of the oils with rotary evaporator afterwards. The net cage testing method was applied with human volunteers using different test concentrations. Average amount of mosquitoes that settled on each arm of the volunteer was noted | At the highest test concentration (40Â g/l), Stachytarpheta Indica showed the highest percent repellence (90.47%) while Moringa oleifera showed the lowest percent repellence (4.76%) at the lowest test concentration (20Â g/l) | Failure of analysis of the extracts for active component and functional groups | [12] |
5 | Tagetes minuta and Lippia javanica leaf extracts | Repellency features of plant oils of Tagetes minuta and Lippia javanica as mosquito repellents | Hydro-distillation method was used to extract the oils. Repellence bioassay was done using the human-bait technique with four volunteers | T. minuta and L. javanica showed different levels of repellence against female An. gambiae with 10–195 min and 40–170 min protection time for the lowest and highest concentrations, respectively | The essential oils were incorporated into only one repellent form | [57] |
6 | Hyptis sauveoleons and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts | Hyptis sauveoleons and Ocimum gratissimum against mosquito (Aedes aegypti) | Soxhlet extraction method was used to isolate the oils with methanol solvent. The control solution was prepared by dissolving the oil in ethanol using different concentrations | 50% and 33.33% protection was offered by H. suaveolens and O. gratissimum against the mosquito bite for 6 h at the concentration of 0.03 mg/cm2 | Failure of analysis of the extracts for the active compounds. Use of ethanol for test solution limits the repellent effect of the extracts as the alcohol cannot prolong the effect of essential oils due to its volatility | [58] |
7 | Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) leaf extract | Analytical investigation of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) leaf extract as mosquito repellent | Soxhlet extraction method was used for isolation of the oil. Oil was incorporated into a cream as test sample | Cymbopogon citratus repelled mosquitoes for about 8Â h for the highest test concentration of 2.0Â ml, while for the least concentration of 0.5Â ml, repelled mosquitoes between 1 and 2Â h of application | The study is limited due to the use of one plant The oil was incorporated into only one repellent form | [59] |
8 | Hyptis Sauveolens, Mentha spicata and Cymbopogon citratus | Oil extract from local leaves; an alternative to synthetic mosquito repellents using Hyptis Sauveolens, Mentha spicata and Cymbopogon citratus | Soxhlet extraction method was used. The oil extracts were incorporated into a cream formulation which served as the test sample and the open room testing was used with four volunteers | Largest amount of extract incorporated into the cream (0.6Â ml) for Hyptis Sauveolens provided the highest repellence of up to 8Â h, while for both Mentha spicata and Cymbopogon citratus, it repelled mosquitoes between 4 -5Â h for same concentration | Extracts were only incorporated into one form of repellent No FTIR analysis for identification of functional groups of extracts | [28] |