Araf Y, Faruqui NA, Anwar S et al (2021) SARS-CoV-2: a new dimension to our understanding of coronaviruses. Int Microbiol 24:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-020-00152-y
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
COVID Live Update [Internet]. Worldometers.info. 2022 [cited 10 February 2022]. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Araf Y, Akter F, Tang YD, Fatemi R, Parvez MSA, Zheng C, Hossain MG (2022) Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: genomics, transmissibility, and responses to current COVID-19 vaccines. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27588
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
COVID-19 vaccine tracker [Internet]. Raps.org. 2021 [cited 22 March 2021]. https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/3/covid-19-vaccine-tracker
McCarthy N. Infographic: How effective are the Covid-19 vaccines? [Internet]. Statista Infographics. 2021 [cited 22 March 2021]. https://www.statista.com/chart/23510/estimated-effectiveness-of-covid-19-vaccine-candidates/
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations—Statistics and Research [Internet]. Our World in Data. 2021 [cited 10 Feb 2022]. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
Mahmoud A (2016) New vaccines: challenges of discovery. Microb Biotechnol 9(5):549–552
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hui D, Lee N, Chan P (2017) A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia-Pacific region. Respirology 22(7):1300–1312
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cao Y, Deng Q, Dai S (2020) Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: an evaluation of the evidence. Travel Med Infect Dis 35:101647
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, Diaz G, Asperges E, Castagna A et al (2020) Compassionate use of Remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382(24):2327–2336
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shaw M (2017) The next wave of influenza drugs. ACS Infect Dis 3(10):691–694
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
••Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, Jiang X, Ahmed Z, Zhihao Z et al (2020) Food as medicine: a possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). Phytother Res 34(12):3124–3136. The review has mentioned several important functional food plants with immunomodulatory and anti-viral properties that can be used to treat COVID-19. It has also suggested that functional foods can be a superior alternative for all the drugs designed for rapidly changed strains of the coronavirus
•Alkhatib A (2020) Antiviral functional foods and exercise lifestyle prevention of coronavirus. Nutrients 12(9):2633. The review displayed great roles of functional foods including antiviral activities, synthesizing active agents, and modulating the immune system against the COVID-19. It mentioned the nutraceutical properties of several fruits, vegetables, fermented foods, and probiotics
García, (2020) Immune response, inflammation, and the clinical spectrum of COVID-19. Front Immunol 6:66
Google Scholar
Groeneveld A (2002) Vascular pharmacology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Vas Pharmacol 39(4–5):247–256
CAS
Google Scholar
Paces J, Strizova Z, Smrz D, Cerny J (2020) COVID-19 and the immune system. Physiol Res 69(3):379–388
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fung T, Liu D (2020) Human coronavirus: host–pathogen interaction. Annu Rev Microbiol 73(1):529–557
Google Scholar
Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T (2020) Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 38(1):1–9
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hur S (2019) Double-stranded RNA sensors and modulators in innate immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 37(1):349–375
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dandekar A, Perlman S (2005) Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: implications for SARS. Nat Rev Immunol 5(12):917–927
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chen J, Subbarao K (2007) The immunobiology of SARS. Annu Rev Immunol 25(1):443–472
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barnes B, Adrover J, Baxter-Stoltzfus A, Borczuk A, Cools-Lartigue J, Crawford J et al (2020) Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med 217(6):66
Google Scholar
Tay M, Poh C, Rénia L, MacAry P, Ng L (2020) The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol 20(6):363–374
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Soy M, Keser G, Atagündüz P, Tabak F, Atagündüz I, Kayhan S (2020) Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment. Clin Rheumatol 39(7):2085–2094
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Butnariu M, Sarac I (2019) Functional food. Int J Nutr 3(3):7–16
Google Scholar
Aparicio-Soto M, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Rosillo M, Castejón M, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C (2016) Extra virgin olive oil: a key functional food for prevention of immune-inflammatory diseases. Food Funct 7(11):4492–4505
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gombart A, Pierre A, Maggini S (2020) A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 12(1):236
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dawson M (2000) The importance of vitamin A in nutrition. Curr Pharm Des 6(3):311–325
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singer J, Bakall B, Gordon G, Reddy R (2016) Treatment of vitamin A deficiency retinopathy with sublingual vitamin A palmitate. Documenta Ophthalmologica 132(2):137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-016-9533-2
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robertson T, Alzaabi A, Robertson M, Fielding B (2018) Starchy carbohydrates in a healthy diet: the role of the humble potato. Nutrients 10(11):1764
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Brown M, Ameer M, Beier K. Vitamin B6 deficiency (pyridoxine). Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470579/
Steluti J, Martini L, Peters B, Marchioni D (2011) Folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in adolescence: serum concentrations, prevalence of inadequate intakes and sources in food. Jornal de Pediatria 87(1):43–49
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sinbad O, Folorunsho A, Olabisi O, Ayoola O, Temitope E (2019) Vitamins as antioxidants. J Food Sci Nutr Res 2:214–235
Google Scholar
Hellmann H, Mooney S (2010) Vitamin B6: a molecule for human health? Molecules 15(1):442–459
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Roje S (2007) Vitamin B biosynthesis in plants. Phytochemistry 68(14):1904–1921
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Watanabe F (2007) Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability. Exp Biol Med 232(10):1266–1274
CAS
Google Scholar
Subar A, Block G, James L (1989) Folate intake and food sources in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 50(3):508–516
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Witthöft C, Forssén K, Johannesson L, Jägerstad M (1999) Folates—food sources, analyses, retention and bioavailability. Näringsforskning 43(1):138–146. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v43i0.1771
Article
Google Scholar
Ebara S (2017) Nutritional role of folate. Congenital anomalies 57(5):138–141
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carr A, Maggini S (2017) Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients 9(11):1211
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Basu A, Nguyen A, Betts N, Lyons T (2013) Strawberry as a functional food: an evidence-based review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54(6):790–806
Google Scholar
Granger M, Eck P (2018) Dietary vitamin C in human health. Adv Food Nutr Res 83:281–310
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van der Velden U (2020) Vitamin C and its role in periodontal diseases—the past and the present: a narrative review. Oral Health Prev Dent 18(2):115–124
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lamberg-Allardt C (2006) Vitamin D in foods and as supplements. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92(1):33–38
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Traber M, Packer L (1995) Vitamin E: beyond antioxidant function. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6):1501S-1509S
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang X, Quinn P (2000) The location and function of vitamin E in membranes (review). Mol Membr Biol 17(3):143–156
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wada O (2004) What are trace elements? Their deficiency and excess states. Jpn Med Assoc J 47(8):351–358
Google Scholar
Rubio C, Gutiérrez Á, Revert C, Reguera J, Burgos A, Hardisson A (2009) Daily dietary intake of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in a Spanish population. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60(7):590–600
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kieliszek M (2019) Selenium-fascinating microelement, properties and sources in food. Molecules 24(7):1298
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Razzaque M (2018) Magnesium: Are we consuming enough? Nutrients 10(12):1863
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nasri H, Baradaran A, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M (2014) New concepts in nutraceuticals as alternative for pharmaceuticals. Int J Prev Med 5(12):1487–1499
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Keservani R, Kesharwani R, Vyas N, Jain S, Raghuvanshi R, Sharma A (2010) Nutraceutical and functional food as future food: a review. Pharm Lett 2(1):106–116
Google Scholar
Lentjes M, Welch A, Mulligan A, Luben R, Wareham N, Khaw K (2014) Cod liver oil supplement consumption and health: cross-sectional results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Nutrients 6(10):4320–4337
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Riaz M, Rahman N, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaffar H, Manea R (2019) Ginseng: a dietary supplement as immune-modulator in various diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 83:12–30
CAS
Google Scholar
Lye H, Balakrishnan K, Thiagarajah K, Mohd Ismail N, Ooi S (2016) Beneficial properties of probiotics. Trop Life Sci Res 27(2):73–90
Google Scholar
Vlasova A, Takanashi S, Miyazaki A, Rajashekara G, Saif L (2019) How the gut microbiome regulates host immune responses to viral vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 37:16–25
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
•Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, Jiang X, Ahmed Z, Zhihao Z et al (2020) Food as medicine: a possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease (COVID ‐19). Phytother Res. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6770. This extensive systematic review of various functional foods focuses on specific immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties amongst other benefits investigated in different studies. The multitude of studies mentioned has provided sufficient evidence for the proven assistance of these foods in boosting the immune system with additional health benefits
Santiago-López L, Hernández-Mendoza A, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Mata-Haro V, González-Córdova A (2016) Food-derived immunomodulatory peptides. J Sci Food Agric 96(11):3631–3641
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chandra R. Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. 1997 [cited 3 October 2020];66(2):460S-463S. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9250133/
Shi L, Zhang L, Li C, Hu X, Wang X, Huang Q et al (2016) Dietary zinc deficiency impairs humoral and cellular immune responses to BCG and ESAT-6/CFP-10 vaccination in offspring and adult rats. Tuberculosis 97:86–96
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Axelrod A (1971) Immune processes in vitamin deficiency states. Am J Clin Nutr 24(2):265–271
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr H (2003) Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. The Lancet 361(9374):2045–2046
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhong Y, Ma C, Shahidi F (2012) Antioxidant and antiviral activities of lipophilic epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) derivatives. J Funct Foods 4(1):87–93
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mohamed S, Hashim S, Rahman H (2012) Seaweeds: a sustainable functional food for complementary and alternative therapy. Trends Food Sci Technol 23(2):83–96
CAS
Google Scholar
Gupta S, Kapur S, Padmavathi D, Verma A (2015) Garlic: an effective functional food to combat the growing antimicrobial resistance. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sci 38(2):271–278
Google Scholar
Shannon E, Abu-Ghannam N (2016) Antibacterial derivatives of marine algae: an overview of pharmacological mechanisms and applications. Marine Drugs 14(4):81
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dorsaz S, Snäkä T, Favre-Godal Q, Maudens P, Boulens N, Furrer P et al (2017) Identification and mode of action of a plant natural product targeting human fungal pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61(9):829–17
Google Scholar
Kumar K (2015) Role of edible mushrooms as functional foods—a review. South Asian J Food Technol Environ 1(3&4):211–218
Google Scholar
Nimalaratne C, Wu J (2015) Hen egg as an antioxidant food commodity: a review. Nutrients 7(10):8274–8293
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhao X, Feng X, Wang C, Peng D, Zhu K, Song J (2016) Anticancer activity of Nelumbo nucifera stamen extract in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 13(3):1470–1478
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
José Bagur M, Alonso Salinas G, Jiménez-Monreal A, Chaouqi S, Llorens S, Martínez-Tomé M et al. Saffron: An Old Medicinal Plant and a Potential Novel Functional Food. Molecules [Internet]. 2017 [cited 3 October 2020];23(1):30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5943931/
Vo T, Ngo D (2019) The health beneficial properties of rhodomyrtus tomentosa as potential functional food. Biomolecules 9(2):76
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Deepak M, Handa S (2000) Antiinflammatory activity and chemical composition of extracts of Verbena officinalis. Phytother Res 14(6):463–465
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iahtisham-Ul-Haq Butt M, Randhawa M, Shahid M (2019) Nephroprotective effects of red beetroot-based beverages against gentamicin-induced renal stress. J Food Biochem 43(7):66. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12873
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ben Saad A, Ncib S, Rjeibi I, Saidi I, Zouari N (2019) Nephroprotective and antioxidant effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against nicotine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and characterization of its bioactive compounds by HPLC–DAD. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 44(11):1134–1140
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asselah T, Durantel D, Pasmant E, Lau G, Schinazi R (2020) COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development. J Hepatol 74(1):168–184
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M et al (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30(3):269–271
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Beigel J, Tomashek K, Dodd L, Mehta A, Zingman B, Kalil A et al (2020) Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19—final report. N Engl J Med 383(19):1813–1826
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Devaux C, Rolain J, Colson P, Raoult D (2020) New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: What to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents 55(5):105–938
Google Scholar
Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X (2020) Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci Trends 14(1):72–73
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Huang M, Tang T, Pang P, Li M, Ma R, Lu J et al (2020) Treating COVID-19 with Chloroquine. J Mol Cell Biol 12(4):322–325
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G et al (2020) A trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382(19):1787–1799
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stower H (2020) Lopinavir–ritonavir in severe COVID-19. Nat Med 26(4):465–465
PubMed
Google Scholar
Common and Rare Side Effects for lopinavir-ritonavir oral [Internet]. Webmd.com. 2021 [cited 22 March 2021]. https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-19938-3294/lopinavir-ritonavir-oral/lopinavir-ritonavir-solution-oral/details/list-sideeffects
Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D, Chen J, Shu D, Xia J et al (2020) Experimental treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study. Engineering 6(10):1192–1198
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dong L, Hu S, Gao J (2020) Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discov Therap 14(1):58–60
CAS
Google Scholar
Kaur R, Charan J, Dutta S, Sharma P, Bhardwaj P, Sharma P et al (2020) Favipiravir use in COVID-19: analysis of suspected adverse drug events reported in the WHO database. Infect Drug Resist 13:4427–4438
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Favalli E, Biggioggero M, Maioli G, Caporali R (2020) Baricitinib for COVID-19: a suitable treatment? Lancet Infect Dis 20(9):1012–1013
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Common and Rare Side Effects for baricitinib oral [Internet]. Webmd.com. 2021 [cited 22 March 2021]. https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-174071/baricitinib-oral/details/list-sideeffects
Mishra S, Tripathi T (2021) One year update on the COVID-19 pandemic: Where are we now? Acta Tropica 214:105778
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting [Internet]. Fda.gov. 2021 [cited 22 March 2021].
Information about the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. [cited 22 March 2021].
Sah R, Shrestha S, Mehta R, Sah S, Rabaan A, Dhama K et al (2021) AZD1222 (Covishield) vaccination for COVID-19: experiences, challenges, and solutions in Nepal. Travel Med Infect Dis 40:101989
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baraniuk C (2021) Covid-19: What do we know about Sputnik V and other Russian vaccines? BMJ 66:743
Google Scholar
Li Y, Liu S, Zhang S, Ju Q, Zhang S, Yang Y et al (2020) Current treatment approaches for COVID-19 and the clinical value of transfusion-related technologies. Transfusion Apheresis Sci 59(5):102839
Google Scholar
Mair-Jenkins J, Saavedra-Campos M, Baillie J, Cleary P, Khaw F, Lim W et al (2014) The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 211(1):80–90
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo Y, Wong W, Lee C, Ng M et al (2004) Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24(1):44–46
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tsang K, Zhong N (2003) SARS: pharmacotherapy. Respirology 8(s1):S25–S30
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li Z, Teng B, Luo J, Zhao J (2010) Clinical application of therapeutic plasma exchange in the Three Gorges Area. Transfus Apheres Sci 43(3):305–308
Google Scholar
Bellagamba B, Abreu B, Grivicich I, Markarian C, Chem E, Camassola M et al (2016) Human mesenchymal stem cells are resistant to cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cisplatin in vitro. Genet Mol Biol 39(1):129–134
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barkholt L, Flory E, Jekerle V, Lucas-Samuel S, Ahnert P, Bisset L et al (2013) Risk of tumorigenicity in mesenchymal stromal cell–based therapies—bridging scientific observations and regulatory viewpoints. Cytotherapy 15(7):753–759
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cherry J, Harrison G, Kaplan S, Steinbach W, Hotez P. Feigin and Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases e-book.
Stratton R (2005) Should food or supplements be used in the community for the treatment of disease-related malnutrition? Proc Nutr Soc 64(3):325–333
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alkhatib A, Tsang C, Tiss A, Bahorun T, Arefanian H, Barake R et al (2017) Functional foods and lifestyle approaches for diabetes prevention and management. Nutrients 9(12):1310
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Planas M, Álvarez J, García-Peris P, de la Cuerda C, de Lucas P, Castellà M et al (2005) Nutritional support and quality of life in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Clin Nutr 24(3):433–441
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sugawara K, Takahashi H, Kasai C, Kiyokawa N, Watanabe T, Fujii S et al (2010) Effects of nutritional supplementation combined with low-intensity exercise in malnourished patients with COPD. Respir Med 104(12):1883–1889
PubMed
Google Scholar
Agler A, Kurth T, Gaziano J, Buring J, Cassano P (2011) Randomised vitamin E supplementation and risk of chronic lung disease in the Women’s Health Study. Thorax 66(4):320–325
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lehouck A, Mathieu C, Carremans C, Baeke F, Verhaegen J, Van Eldere J et al (2012) High doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 156(2):105
PubMed
Google Scholar
Butland B (2000) Diet, lung function, and lung function decline in a cohort of 2512 middle aged men. Thorax 55(2):102–108
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dow L, Tracey M, Villar A, Coggon D, Margetts B, Campbell M et al (1996) Does dietary intake of vitamins C and E influence lung function in older people? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154(5):1401–1404
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schwartz J, Weiss S (1994) Relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and pulmonary function in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Am J Clin Nutr 59(1):110–114
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Britton J, Pavord I, Richards K, Knox A, Wisniewski A, Lewis S et al (1995) Dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151(5):1383–1387
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guenegou A, Boczkowski J, Aubier M, Neukirch F, Leynaert B (2007) Interaction between a heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter polymorphism and serum-carotene levels on 8-year lung function decline in a general population: the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (France). Am J Epidemiol 167(2):139–144
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ochs-Balcom H, Grant B, Muti P, Sempos C, Freudenheim J, Browne R et al (2006) Antioxidants, oxidative stress, and pulmonary function in individuals diagnosed with asthma or COPD. Eur J Clin Nutr 60(8):991–999
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Velez E, Maldonado Galdeano C, Carmuega E, Weill R, Bibas Bonet M, Perdigón G (2015) Probiotic fermented milk consumption modulates the allergic process induced by ovoalbumin in mice. Br J Nutr 114(4):566–576
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abad M, Guerra J, Bermejo P, Irurzun A, Carrasco L (2000) Search for antiviral activity in higher plant extracts. Phytother Res 14(8):604–607
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
••Alagu Lakshmi S, Shafreen R, Priya A, Shunmugiah K., 2020. Ethnomedicines of Indian origin for combating COVID-19 infection by hampering the viral replication: using structure-based drug discovery approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1–16. In this study interaction of the active components from 10 different medicinal plants of Indian origin was determined through molecular docking analysis. Plant-based phenolic compounds from medicinal plants such as Dioscorea batatas, Glycyrrhiza radix, Mollugo cerviana, Polygonum multiflorum Thunb and many more were shown to be active against coronaviruses
Lau K, Lee K, Koon C, Cheung C, Lau C, Ho H et al (2008) Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Houttuynia cordata. J Ethnopharmacol 118(1):79–85
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ding Y, Zeng L, Li R, Chen Q, Zhou B, Chen Q et al (2017) The Chinese prescription lianhuaqingwen capsule exerts anti-influenza activity through the inhibition of viral propagation and impacts immune function. BMC Complement Altern Med 17(1):66
Google Scholar
•Yang Y, Islam M, Wang J, Li Y, Chen X., 2020. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective. Int J Biol Sci 16(10):1708–1717. This review and perspective provided an insight into the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine treatments. A Chinese plant named Lianhuaqingwen was proved to have antiviral activities against several COVID-19 symptoms, such as fever, cough, fatigue, influenza, bronchitis, and pneumonia
Sharifi N, Souri E, Ziai S, Amin G, Amanlou M (2013) Discovery of new angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from medicinal plants to treat hypertension using an in vitro assay. DARU J Pharm Sci 21(1):66
Google Scholar
Fedoreyev S, Krylova N, Mishchenko N, Vasileva E, Pislyagin E, Iunikhina O et al (2018) Antiviral and antioxidant properties of echinochrome A. Mar Drugs 16(12):509
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
•Benarba B, Pandiella A (2020) Medicinal plants as sources of active molecules against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 11. In this review the recent findings regarding the use of natural products to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection has been identified, which showed effective against SARS-CoV-2 actions by direct inhibition of the virus replication or entry. These functional foods were also showed to inhibit the coronavirus related proteins such as papain-like or chymotrypsin-like proteases
Donma M, Donma O (2020) The effects of allium sativum on immunity within the scope of COVID-19 infection. Med Hypoth 144:109–934
Google Scholar
••Subhrajyoti C, Shalini (2020) Immunomodulatory herbs of Ayurveda and Covid-19: a review article. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 5(2):203–208. https://www.jaims.in/jaims/article/view/886. This review from the Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences provides detailed accounts of different common herbs, their bioactive constituents, and numerous beneficial properties. The myriad of information collected from this article provided essential characteristics of the different herbs outlined in tabular format
••Gyawali R, Paudel P, Basyal D, Setzer W, Lamichhane S, Paudel M, Gyawali S, Khanal Prajwal (2020) A review on ayurvedic medicinal herbs as remedial prospective for COVID-19. JKAHS 3(special issue). https://jkahs.org.np/jkahs/index.php/jkahs/article/view/237/156. This review article outlined bioactive compounds and antiviral properties of different medicinal herbs with the aim to intervene SARS-CoV-2 through similar antiviral mechanisms. The comprehensive process given for each herb highlights the antiviral aspects of functional foods and their immense potential in treatment & management of viral infections
Pandey P, Khan F, Kumar A, Srivastava A, Jha N (2020) Screening of potent inhibitors against 2019 novel coronavirus (Covid-19) from Alliumsativum and Allium cepa: an in silico approach. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 11(1):7981–7993
Google Scholar
Hasler C (1998) Functional foods: their role in disease prevention and health promotion. Food Technol 52:63–70
Google Scholar
Mao Q, Xu X, Cao S, Gan R, Corke H, Beta T et al (2019) bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods 8(6):185
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rajagopal K, Bryan G, Jupudi S, Vadivelan R (2020) Activity of phytochemical constituents of black pepper, ginger, and garlic against coronavirus (COVID-19): an in silico approach. Int J Health Allied Sci 9(5):43–50
Google Scholar
Niranjan A, Prakash D (2008) Chemical constituents and biological activities of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)—a review. J Food Sci Technol 45(2):109–116
CAS
Google Scholar
•Kunnumakkara A, Rana V, Parama D, Banik K, Girisa S, Sahu H et al (20201) COVID-19, cytokines, inflammation, and spices: How are they related? Life Sci 119201. This systemic review provides an overall picture of the origin of COVID-19 infection, its mechanism alongside conventional drugs used for its management and the anti-inflammatory role of spices to prevent the cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2. The mechanism by which spices can attenuate COVID-19 associated cytokine storm revealed potential health benefits for COVID-19 patients from consumption of different spices
Deutch M, Grimm D, Wehland M, Infanger M, Krüger M (2019) Bioactive candy: effects of licorice on the cardiovascular system. Foods 8(10):495
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Murck H (2020) symptomatic protective action of glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 infection? Front Immunol 11:66
Google Scholar
Desai A, Desai C, Desai H, Mansuri A, Desai J (2020) Possible role of medicinal plants in Covid19—a brief review. Int J Sci Dev Res 5(4):205–209
Google Scholar
Akhtar M, Swamy M, Sinniah U (2019) Natural bio-active compounds. Springer, Singapore
Google Scholar
Baildya N, Khan A, Ghosh N, Dutta T, Chattopadhyay A (2021) Screening of potential drug from Azadirachta Indica (Neem) extracts for SARS-CoV-2: an insight from molecular docking and MD-simulation studies. J Mol Struct 1227:129390
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
••Shree P, Mishra P, Selvaraj C, Singh S, Chaube R, Garg N et al., 2020. Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytochemicals of ayurvedic medicinal plants –Withania somnifera(Ashwagandha),Tinospora cordifolia(Giloy) andOcimum sanctum(Tulsi) – a molecular docking study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1810778. This molecular docking study investigated natural phytochemicals present in three different medicinal plants in order to determine potential inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. The results of the study revealed numerous probable inhibitors from the plants that could bind to the protease, were safe and had drug-like properties. The data from this study provided concrete grounds to suggest further investigation with these phytochemicals to extract the antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2
Siva M, Shanmugam KR, Shanmugam B, Venkata G, Sahukari R, Sathyavelu K et al (2016) Ocimum sanctum: a review on the pharmacological properties. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 66:558–565
Google Scholar
Salehi B, Zakaria Z, Gyawali R, Ibrahim S, Rajkovic J, Shinwari Z et al (2019) Piper species: a comprehensive review on their phytochemistry. Biol Activities Appl Mol 24(7):1364
Google Scholar
Rao P, Gan S (2014) Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 66:1–12
Google Scholar
Teshika J, Zakariyyah A, Zaynab T, Zengin G, Rengasamy K, Pandian S et al (2018) Traditional and modern uses of onion bulb (Allium cepa L.): a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 59(sup1):S39–S70
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thota S, Balan V, Sivaramakrishnan V (2020) Natural products as home-based prophylactic and symptom management agents in the setting of COVID-19. Phytother Res 34(12):3148–3167
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Prasanth M, Sivamaruthi B, Chaiyasut C, Tencomnao T (2019) A review of the role of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) in antiphotoaging, stress resistance, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Nutrients 11(2):474
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mhatre S, Srivastava T, Naik S, Patravale V (2021) Antiviral activity of green tea and black tea polyphenols in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: a review. Phytomedicine 85:153286
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Townsend E, Siviski M, Zhang Y, Xu C, Hoonjan B, Emala C (2013) Effects of ginger and its constituents on airway smooth muscle relaxation and calcium regulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 48(2):157–163
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Weir E, Thenappan T, Bhargava M, Chen Y (2020) Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19? Clin Med 20(4):e107–e108
Google Scholar
Grant W, Lahore H, McDonnell S, Baggerly C, French C, Aliano J et al (2020) Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 12(4):988
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rahman M, Idid S (2020) Can Zn be a critical element in COVID-19 treatment? Biol Trace Elem Res 199(2):550–558
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kubin C, McConville T, Dietz D, Zucker J, May M, Nelson B et al (2021) Characterization of bacterial and fungal infections in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and factors associated with health care-associated infections. Open Forum Infect Dis 8(6):66
Google Scholar
Vijay S, Bansal N, Rao B, Veeraraghavan B, Rodrigues C, Wattal C et al (2021) Secondary infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: indian experience. Infect Drug Resist 14:1893–1903
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goncagul G, Ayaz E (2010) Antimicrobial effect of Garlic (Allium sativum). Recent Pat Anti-Infect Drug Discov 5(1):91–93
CAS
Google Scholar
Xie J, Yao M, Lu Y, Yu M, Han S, McClements D et al (2021) Impact of encapsulating a probiotic (Pediococcus pentosaceus Li05) within gastro-responsive microgels on Clostridium difficile infections. Food Funct 12(7):3180–3190
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bousquet J, Czarlewski W, Zuberbier T, Mullol J, Blain H, Cristol J et al (2020) Spices to control COVID-19 symptoms: yes, but not only…. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 182(6):489–495
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bousquet J, Le Moing V, Blain H, Czarlewski W, Zuberbier T, de la Torre R et al (2021) Efficacy of broccoli and glucoraphanin in COVID-19: From hypothesis to proof-of-concept with three experimental clinical cases. World Allergy Organ J 14(1):100498
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silva Andrade B, Siqueira S, de Assis SW, de Souza RF, Santos N, dos Santos FA et al (2021) Long-COVID and post-COVID health complications: an up-to-date review on clinical conditions and their possible molecular mechanisms. Viruses 13(4):700
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Han B, Hoang B (2021) Opinions on the current pandemic of COVID-19: use functional food to boost our immune functions. J Infect Public Health 13(12):1811–1817
Google Scholar
Korkmaz H (2020) Could sumac be effective on COVID-19 treatment? J Med Food 6:66
Google Scholar
Venkateswaran M, Jayabal S, Hemaiswarya S, Murugesan S, Enkateswara S, Doble M et al (2021) Polyphenol-rich Indian ginger cultivars ameliorate GLUT4 activity in C2C12 cells, inhibit diabetes-related enzymes and LPS-induced inflammation: an in vitro study. J Food Biochem 45(2):66
Google Scholar
Bonetti N, Liberale L, Akhmedov A, Pasterk L, Gobbato S, Puspitasari Y et al (2021) Long-term dietary supplementation with plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid improves outcome in experimental ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis 325:89–98
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Serrano G, Kochergina I, Albors A, Diaz E, Oroval M, Hueso G et al (2020) Liposomal lactoferrin as potential preventative and cure for COVID-19. Int J Res Health Sci 8(1):08–15
Google Scholar
Mu C, Sheng Y, Wang Q, Amin A, Li X, Xie Y (2021) Potential compound from herbal food of Rhizoma Polygonati for treatment of COVID-19 analyzed by network pharmacology: viral and cancer signaling mechanisms. J Funct Foods 77:104–149
Google Scholar
Mustafa M, Shamsuddin S, Sulaiman S, Abdullah J (2020) Anti-inflammatory properties of stingless bee honey may reduce the severity of pulmonary manifestations in COVID-19 infections. Malay J Med Sci 27(2):165–169
Google Scholar
So A, Woo J (2020) Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis. BMJ 66:m4750
Google Scholar
Coronavirus: WHO chief criticises 'shocking' global vaccine divide [Internet]. BBC News. 2021 [cited 12 June 2021]. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-56698854
Higgins-Dunn N. Pfizer, AstraZeneca COVID vaccines probed in Europe after reports of heart inflammation, rare nerve disorder [Internet]. FiercePharma. 2021 [cited 13 June 2021]. https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/europe-s-drug-regulator-evaluates-reports-heart-inflammation-rare-nerve-disorder-covid-19
Vangeel L, Chiu W, De Jonghe S, Maes P, Slechten B, Raymenants J et al (2022) Remdesivir, Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir remain active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants of concern. Antiviral Res 198:105252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105252
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jayk Bernal A, Gomes da Silva M, Musungaie D, Kovalchuk E, Gonzalez A, Delos Reyes V et al (2022) Molnupiravir for oral treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients. N Engl J Med 386(6):509–520. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2116044
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar