Cruickshank J (2010) Beta-blockers and heart failure. Indian Heart J 62:101–110
Google Scholar
Ostapowicz G, Fontana R, SchiØdt F, Larson A, Davern T, Han S, McCashland T, Dienstag J (2002) Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med 137:947–954
Google Scholar
Dienstag J, Isselbacher K (2005) Toxic and drug-induced hepatitis. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci A et al (eds) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, New York, pp 1838–1844
Google Scholar
Douglas D, Yang R, Jensen P, Thiele D (1989) Fatal labetalol-induced hepatic injury. Am J Med 87:235–236
CAS
Google Scholar
Ali B, Blunden G, Tanira M, Nemmar A (2008) Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 46:409–420
CAS
Google Scholar
Dhanik J, Arya N, Nand V (2017) A review on Zingiber officinale. J Pharmaco Phytochem 6:174–184
CAS
Google Scholar
Baliga M, Haniadka R, Pereira M, D’Souza J, Pallaty P, Bhat H, Popuri S (2011) Update on the chemopreventive effects of ginger and its phytochemicals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 51:499–523
CAS
Google Scholar
Zahedi A, Fathiazad F, Khaki A, Ahmadnejad B (2012) Protective effect of ginger on gentamicin-induced apoptosis in testis of rats. Adv Pham Bull 2:197–200
Google Scholar
Haniadka R, Saxena A, Shivashankara A, Fayad R, Palatty P, Nazreth N, Francis A, Arora R, Baliga M (2013) Ginger protects the liver against the toxic effects of xenobiotic compounds: preclinical observations. J Nutr Food Sci 3:1–6
Google Scholar
Young H, Luo Y, Cheng H, Hsieh W (2005) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of [6]-gingerol. J Ethno Pharmacol 96:207–210
CAS
Google Scholar
Singh P, Srivastava S, Singh V, Sharma P, Singh D (2018) Ginger (Zingiber officinale): a nobel herbal remedy. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 7:4065–4077
Google Scholar
Dissanayake K, Waliwita W, Liyanage R (2020) A review on medicinal uses of Zingiber officinale (Ginger). Int J Health Sci Res 6(7):142–148
Google Scholar
Sabraz M, Mustafa I, Abdulqader S (2013) Ameliorative effect of the aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale on the cadmium-induced liver and kidney injury in female rats. JJBS 6:231–234
Google Scholar
Fan J, Yang X, Bi Z (2015) The effects of 6-gingerol on proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 48(7):637–643
CAS
Google Scholar
Mallikarjuna K, Chetan S, Reddy S, Rajendra W (2008) Ethanol toxicity: rehabilitation of hepatic antioxidant defense system with dietary ginger. Fitoterapia 79:174–178
CAS
Google Scholar
Shati A, Elsaid G (2009) Effects of water extracts of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on alcohol abuse. Food Chem Toxicol 47:1945–1949
CAS
Google Scholar
Bhandari U, Shamsher A, Pillai K, Khan M (2008) Antihepatotoxic activity of ginger ethanol extract in rats. Pharm Biol 41:68–71
Google Scholar
Vitalis E, Chukwemeka R, Philippe M, Chinonso N (2007) Effects of Zingiber officinale on liver function of mercuric chloride-induced hepatotoxicity in adult Westar rats. Electron J Biomed 3:40–45
Google Scholar
Khaki A, Khaki A (2010) Antioxidant effect of ginger to prevents lead-induced liver tissue apoptosis in rat. J Med Plant Res 4(14):1492–1495
Google Scholar
Verma R, Asnani V (2007) Ginger extract ameliorates paraben induced biochemical changes in liver and kidney of mice. Acta Pol Pharm 64:217–220
Google Scholar
El-Sharaky A, Newairy A, Kamel M, Eweda S (2009) Protective effect of ginger extract against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 47:1584–1590
CAS
Google Scholar
Ajith T, Hema U, Aswathy M (2007) Zingiber officinale Roscoe prevents acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity by enhancing hepatic antioxidant status. Food Chem Toxicol 45:2267–2272
CAS
Google Scholar
Yassin N, Elrokh E, El-shenawy S, Ehsan N, Sayed W, Hassamein H, Ibrahim B (2010) Study of the hepatoprotective effect of ginger aqueous infusion in rats. J Chem Pharm Res 2:476–488
Google Scholar
Abdel-Azeem A, Hegazy A, Ibrahim K, Farrag A, El-Sayed E (2013) Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and ameliorative effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Vitamin E in acetaminophen treated rats. J Diet Suppl 10:195–209
CAS
Google Scholar
Yemitan O, Izegbu M (2006) Protective effects of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res 20:997–1002
Google Scholar
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu K, Wegwu M, Ayalogu E (2007) Prevention of CCl4—induced liver damage by ginger, garlic and vitamin E. Pak J Biol Sci 10:617–662
CAS
Google Scholar
Sakr S, Badawy G (2011) Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) on metiram inhibited spermatogenesis and induced apoptosis in albino mice. J Appl Pharma Sci 1131–1136
Aziz D, Hussein S, Kadhim Z, Kadhum N (2019) Ameliorative effect of ginger extract against methotrexate effect of liver tissue. J Pharm Sci Res 11(1):136–139
CAS
Google Scholar
Sakr S, Hassab El Nabi E, Okdah A, El-Garawani M, El-Shabka M (2016) Cytoprotective effects of aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract against carbimazole-induced toxicity in albino rats. EJPMR 3(7):489–497
Nirmala K, Krishna P, Polasa K (2007) Protective effect of ginger against Benzo(a)pyrene induced DNA damage. Int J Cancer Res 3:13–24
CAS
Google Scholar
Kamtchouing P, Mboungue-Fandis G, Dimo T, Jasta H (2002) Evaluation of androgenic activity of zingiber officinale and pentadiplandrabrazzanae in male rats. Asian J Androl 4:299–301
Google Scholar
El-Borm H, Gobara M, Badawy G (2021) Ginger extract attenuates labetalol induced apoptosis, DNA damage, histological and ultrastructural changes in the heart of rat fetuses. Saudi J Biol Sci 28:440–447
CAS
Google Scholar
Mahmoud T, Bjornsson S, Calder A (1993) Labetalol therapy in pregnancy induced hypertension effects on fetoplacental circulation and fetal outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 50:109–113
CAS
Google Scholar
Burdan F, Pliszczynska-Steuden M, Rozylo-Kalinowska I, Chalas A, Rozylo K, Staroslawska E, Klepacz R, Szumilo J (2011) Developmental outcome after exposure to cyclooxygenase inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol 32(4):407–417
CAS
Google Scholar
Abd El-Aty O, Morgan E (2011) Ginger administration has a protective effect on the liver of albino rats treated with 6-mercaptopurine drug. J Am Sci 7:737–745
Google Scholar
Badawy G, Sakr S, Atallah M (2012) Comparative study of the skeletogenesis of limb autopods in the developing chick Gallus domesticus and toad Bufo regularis. RJPBCS 3:966–988
Google Scholar
Suvarna K, Layton C, Bancroft J (2018) Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques, 8th ed. Elsevier
Kuo J (2007) Electron microscopy. Methods and protocols, 2 ed. Humana Press Inc. Totowa, New Jersey, p 369
Aljanabi S, Martinez I (1997) Universal and rapid salt-exteraction of high qualitygenomic DNA for PCR-based techniques. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4692–4693
CAS
Google Scholar
El-Garawani I, Hassab El-Nabi S (2016) Increased sensitivity of apoptosis detection using staining method and integration of Acridine Orange as an alternative safer fluorescent dye in agarose gel electrophoresis and micronucleus test. CJPAS 10:3865–3871
Reichard A, Asosingh K (2018) Best practices for preparing a single cell suspension from solid tissues for flow cytometry. Cytometry A 95(2):219–226
Google Scholar
Ramadan F, Ashry Kh (2010) Outcome of angiotensin ii inhibition in pregnant irradiated rats and their embryos. J Rad Res Appl Sci 3:1193–1209
Google Scholar
El-Ashmawy I, El-Nahas A, Bayad A (2011) Teratogenic and cytogenetic effects of ivermectin and its interaction with P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Res Vet Sci 90(1):116–123
CAS
Google Scholar
Said N, Badwy M, El Ghareeb A, El-Rahman H (2019) Study of teratogenic effects induced by verapamil administration in pregnant albino rats. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 58(1):45–51
CAS
Google Scholar
Jaiswal S, Bhardwaj D, Brashier D (2019) Teratogenicity study in rats of commonly used calcium channel blockers. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 8(12):2701–2705
Google Scholar
Clark J, Zimmerman H, Tanner L (1990) Labetalol hepatotoxicity. Ann Intern Med 113(03):210–213
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee WM (2003) Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med 349(05):474–485
CAS
Google Scholar
Long R, Wofford M, Harkins K, Minor D (2007) Hepatocellular necrosis associated with labetalol. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 9(04):287–290
CAS
Google Scholar
Whelan A, Izewski J, Berkelhammer C, Walloch J, Kay H (2020) Labetalol-induced hepatotoxicity during pregnancy: a case report. Am J Perinatol Rep 10:e210–e212
Google Scholar
Zubairi M (2019) Metoprolol-induced liver injury and the hepatoprotective role of vitamin E in rabbits. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 12:145–148
CAS
Google Scholar
Ibrahim S, Barakat M, Helmy H (2010) Modulating effect of carvedilol on doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and hepatic damage. J Am Sci 6(12):20–32
Google Scholar
Erguven M, Yazihan N, Aktas E, Sabanci A, Li C, Oktem G, Bilir A (2010) Carvedilol in glioma treatment alone and with imatinib in vitro. Int J Oncol 36:857–866
CAS
Google Scholar
Attiq A, Ashraf M, Jalil J, Javeed A, Anjum A, Ullah A, Umair M, Ali S (2018) Augmented cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic response triggered by carvedilol and celecoxib combinations. Braz J Pharm Sci 54
Oura K, Tadokoro T, Fujihara S, Morishita A, Chiyo T, Samukawa E, Yamana Y, Fujita K, Sakamoto T, Nomura T, Yoneyama H, Kobara H, Mori H, Iwama H, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Masaki T (2017) Telmisartan inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro by inducing cell cycle arrest. Oncol Rep 38:2825–2835
Télez M, Martínez B, Criado B, Lostao C, Penagarikano O, Ortega B, Flores P, Ortiz-Lastra E, Alonso R, Jiménez R, Arrieta I (2000) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antihypertensive drug atenolol in cultured human lymphocytes: effects of long-term therapy. Mutagenesis 15(3):195–202
Google Scholar
Finkel T, Holbroork N (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408:239
CAS
Google Scholar
Niempoog S, Pawa K, Amatyakul C (2012) The efficacy of powdered ginger in osteoarthritis of the knee. J Med Assoc Thai 95(Suppl 1):S59–S64
Google Scholar
Paramdeep G (2013) Efficacy and tolerability of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in patients of osteoarthritis of knee. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 57:177–183
Google Scholar
Mustafa M, Mahmoud O, Hussein H (2013) Histological and morphometric effects of CdCl2 and ginger on osteoporosis induced by bilateral ovariectomy in adult albino rats. Eur J Anat 17(2):102–114
Google Scholar
Badawy G, Atallah M, Sakr S (2019) Morphological and skeletal malformations induced by gabapentin in rat fetuses and their amelioration by ginger. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 7(1):1–12
CAS
Google Scholar
Sung B, Murakami A, Oyajobi B, Aggarwal B (2009) Zerumbone abolishes RANKL-induced NF-kappaB activation, inhibits osteoclastogenesis, and suppresses human breast cancer-induced bone loss in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 69:1477–1484
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen H, Soroka D, Haider J, Ferri-Lagneau K, Leung T, Sang S (2013) [10]-Gingerdiols as the major metabolites of [10]-gingerol in zebrafish embryos and in humans and their hematopoietic effects in zebrafish embryos. J Agric Food Chem 61:5353–5360
CAS
Google Scholar
Abd-Elrhman S, Abd El-Fattah H, Morsy G, Elmasry S (2020) Effect of ginger nanoparticles on hepato-renal toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. ARRB 35(7):36–55
Helal E, Abd El-Wahab S, Sharaf A, Zedan G (2012) Effect of Zingiber officinale on fatty liver induced by oxytetracycline in albino rats. EJHM 46:26–42
Google Scholar
Emam M, Gad F, Abugherin B (2019) The protective effect of ginger extract on induced fatty liver in Albino rats: histological and biochemical study. BVMJ 36(1):32–42
Google Scholar
Badawy G, Atallah M, Sakr S (2019) The ameliorative role of ginger administration against gabapentin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat fetuses. Ejpmr 6(1):622–631
Google Scholar
Badr O, Sakr S, Eltawab H (2016) Ameliorative effect of ginger extract against pathological alterations induced in mice bearing solid tumors. J Biosci Appl Res 2:185–196
Google Scholar
Gholampour F, Ghiasabadi F, Owji S, Vatanparast J (2017) The protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) against iron-induced functional and histological damages in rat liver and kidney. Avicenna J Phytomed 7(6):542–553
El-Kordy E, Makhlouf M (2014) Possible protective role of ginger extract on diclofenac induced hepatotoxicity in adult male albino rats (Histological and ultrastructural studies). Life Sci J 11(8):248–258
Ahmed M (2013) The protective effect of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) against adriamycin- induced hepatotoxicity in rats: histological study. Life Sci J 10(1):1412–1422
Google Scholar
Mahmoud Y, Hegazy H (2015) Ginger and alpha lipoic acid ameliorate age-related ultrastructural changes in rat liver. Biotech Histochem, pp 1–10
Lu P, Lai B, Liang P, Chen Z, Shun S (2003) Antioxidation activity and protective effection of ginger oil on DNA damage in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 28(9):873–875
Google Scholar
Lin J, Li X, Chen L, Lu W, Chen X, Han L, Chen D (2014) Protective effect against hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage and antioxidant mechanism of [6]-gingerol: a chemical study. Bull Kor Chem Soc 35(6):1633–1638
CAS
Google Scholar
Makpo S, Sani N, Hakimi N, Rani N, Zakaria S, Rasid A, Gunasekaran G, Sahardi N, Tan J, Ghafar N, Nordin M (2020) Zingiber officinale Roscoe prevents DNA damage and improves muscle performance and bone integrity in old Sprague Dawley rats. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2020:1–18
Google Scholar