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A revised analysis of current and emerging Nano suspension technological approaches for cardiovascular medicine

Abstract

Background

This is an objective critique to give an in-depth description of Nano suspensions. This article is attempting to address the issue of whether or not Nano science is realistic with respect to price, with regards to item costs being added to the endeavor and Lipotropic drugs have proven to be rewarding and Lipo-immunotherapy has proven to be beneficial. In modern times, drug marketing and promotion have become crucial to efficient commercializing of successful molecules, pharmaceutical companies often work to increase the chances of promoting successful drugs, these included cardiovascular drugs because of their widespread usage.

Main body

Nano suspension is a Nano metric Colloidal Suspension system i.e., Nano suspensions, in the solid form reaches the bloodstream and Nanoparticle colloids readily available to the target cells. All research on Nanostructures is focused on the four primary dimensions, composition, homogeneity, heterogeneity, elasticity, and agglomeration. Researchers are devising ways to deliver medication and other substances to a damaged cell and diseased region, as well as diagnose the body to pinpoint disease and defects, by way of Nanotechnology.

Short conclusions

The vital analysis of Nano science experiment on Nano suspension is working to achieve the goal of reducing product cost by using Nanotechnology in product development, as it wants to examine the probability of development by utilizing Nanotechnology. The usage of the top-limited technology allows the development of cardiovascular drugs classified under the biopharmaceutical classification system (Class II and Class IV) to use two approaches namely top-down and bottom-up methods.

1 Background

The Oral dosage method acknowledges because it is a straightforward approach, feasible measurements, increase profitability, but precise dosing has a greater likelihood of enhancing certain characteristics. The impetus for innovative approaches is stronger as of late, with research pertaining with a greater focus on drug solubility and bioavailability of Nano suspensions, for example, since its methodologies are novel and various. So, Wettability of new APIs into the market may trigger some difficulties. Controversial approaches that circumventing dissolvability problems include There are many different procedures such as liposomes, micro emulsions, Nano suspension, solid dispersion and particle arrangement that can be used, as well as other different procedures such as co-dissolvability, lipophilic arrangement, and salt development, among others. These methodologies prove not to be valuable in either way with all medications [1, 2]. Nano suspension is usually has a favorable -results and when compared to a lipid-based dosing [3]. Though the widely used method of Nano-suspension drug preparation is "Top- Down extension", the "Bottom-Up" technique could be used to shape a low-dissolvable or a crystalline sort of poorly mobilizable drugs. Amorphous preparation is the most often done utilizing sub-size extension but using the more recently-developed system, which is Nano-suspension an fascinating approach is "Bottom-Up technique, where the particles are reduced to the Nano level, which results in an amorphous suspension. One may reduce the molecular size in a notch by using this Bottom-up technology with low and basic levels of equipment. Thus, stabilization approaches for Nano suspensions should be thoughtfully selected, since they are key factors in their preparation. Sometimes the various polymers and surfactants are used to retain integrity and keep liquids together [4]. It differs from standard suspension in that the particles range in size between 200 and 600 nm. Due to weak solvency and low solubility, lipophilic substances impair bioavailability. It is usually described as how a medication gets to the blood stream. To design formulation and regulatory specifications that are particularly difficult and critical when dealing with poorly water-soluble substances, solubility and accessibility have had to be more closely examined. At the moment, poorly soluble medications account for approximately one-third of all USP (United States Pharmacopeia) perceived medications. Nanotechnology is defined as innovation on the nanometer scale, which is typically between 0.1 and 100 nm in size. As with things, "Nanotechnology" is called, means "dwarf and “Nano science” is the analysis of nanos and subatomic things Fig. 1 [5].

Fig. 1
figure 1

Different types of nanoparticulate-based drug delivery systems

2 Main texts

2.1 Development of nano-particle

A team of chemists in New York City discovered Nano Drugs in the late 1960s, beginning with their discovery as pharmaceutical vehicles first [6]. They imbedded magnetic molecules into Nano-particles by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into the Nano-fields. Nanometer particles are developed from natural or man-made polymers and range from 0.5 to 500 Nanometers. Molecular materials consisting of ingredients are entrapped, some of which are held together by molecular bonds, some of which are entwined, and then carried into solution. Nanotechnologies are used in the areas of medication formulation, drug delivery, and drug encapsulation, both of which use Nanoparticles, Nanostructures, Nano suspension, Nano spheres, Nano-capsules, Nano- Emulsion and Quantum dots [7].

Nanoparticles are colloidal segments with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 nm. They are made up of micro molecular segments in which active segments are broken down, encapsulated, entrapped, adsorbed, or appended. Nano spheres are spheroid rigid, and comprise active ingredients suspended or dissolved inside polymer materials. Nano capsule is designed to contain the drug in the center enclosed by a polymer giving it extra stability. The added value of Nano-capsules and Nanospheres is that they work well with its smaller size and helps simple penetration through vessels and they are suitable for a distribution and targeting can be achieved [8]. The standard diameter of a Solid lipid nanoparticle ranges from 50 to 1000 nm. A sturdy lipid-based nanoparticle can serve as a vehicle for the transport of lipophilic particles. Through addition of surfactants, the lipid profile is adjusted; the emulsifier used depends on the route of administration. Parenteral administrations are particularly restricted [9]. Quantum dots are semi-conductors, which exhibit strongly quantum–mechanical features, but have optical and electronic characteristics that are seemingly distinct from those of other semiconductors. Nanoparticles, ranging from 2 to 8 nm in diameter Fig. 2, 3 and 4 [8,9,10].

Fig. 2
figure 2

Schematic representation of nanospheres and nanocapsules [11]

Fig. 3
figure 3

Schematic representation of solid lipid nanoparticle [12, 13]

Fig. 4
figure 4

Schematic representation of quantum dots [14, 15]

Ceramic Nanoparticles are intertwined biomolecules with a size of less than 50 nm and are a kind of Nanoparticle made of ceramics, which are inorganic, heat-resistant, non-metallic solids that can be made of both metallic and non-metallic mixtures. Ceramic nanoparticles, including in the field of energy supply and transportation, connectivity, infections, Glaucoma, chemotherapy and most often in medical science, have been used to repress the bone and other conditions Fig. 5 [12].

Fig. 5
figure 5

Schematic representation of ceramic nanoparticles [16]

Liposomes consist of one or more concentrated spheroids of lipophilic bilayers, isolated by natural and human made phospholipids by water or fluid buffer compartment, which are targeted to drug delivery systems. Liposome medicines mitigate systemic toxicity and avoid deterioration at an early stage. Small Uni-lamellar vesicles size 25–100 nm, Large Uni-lamellar vesicles size: larger than 50 Nanometer, Multilamellar vesicles larger than 0.5 nm Fig. 6 [13].

Fig. 6
figure 6

Schematic representation of liposomes [17]

Polypeptides are a kind of Nano forms, which can be made out of both protein and polymers in polymer blends. Many proteins are naturally formed by the human body, and they have strong metabolizability, so the protein constituents need to have the advantages of bio-activity and bio-decomposition. While proteins are used as therapeutic medicines, the principal limitations are lack of stability and inadequate circulation inside the body. As of late, they have been researched on for improved pharmacological characteristics, including visualization, bio conjugation, gene delivery, and pharmacological separation. Therapeutic agents can be mixed with polymeric vehicles such as polyethylene glycol to yield a wide distribution, better dispersible drugs, lower immunogenicity, regulated release and enriched protection will offer many benefits for therapy [14, 15]. Tree-like particles with the characterized cavities are dendrimers, of 1.5 to 10 Nanometers. The dendrimers interact with chemical entities on their surfaces, bind to target molecules, form radio-bioactive, radio-ligands, imaging agents, and acquires aqueous solubility and low toxicity Figs. 7 and 8 [16].

Fig. 7
figure 7

Schematic representation of polymer protein conjugates [18]

Fig. 8
figure 8

Schematic representation of polymer drug conjugates [19, 20]

Magnetic Nanoparticles typically have a magnet material, mostly iron, nickel and cobalt, and a valuable synthetic segments. The Magnetic Nano beads, ranging between 50–200 Nanometers [17, 18]. Nan shells claimed to be infrarouge optical activity in relation to gold colloid houses that are made up of a dielectric middle gold sulphide, or silica protected by a stainless steel (iron) sheet, are used in the treatment of carcinomas. Nano-tubes are linear nanostructures made of the 5–10 Nanometer scale of metals, semiconductor or carbon, also single or more layered or adjusted surfaces. A Molecule that has a pore size of 0.3 Nanometers (nm) is a Nano pore, used as a particle singling detector. Ferro fluids are Nano-colloidal fluids consist of small fragments of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic particulates trapped in a carrier liquid and coated with surfactants to prevent clumping of each atom. Magnetite, hematite or some other compound comprising iron, or a fluid is composed of Ferro-fluids composed of tiny Nano-size parts (usually 10 nm or fewer). As ferried are used to create a magnetic reaction, the limited amount needed maintains even distribution of Ferro fluid in the carrier fluid. The Ferro fluid is made up by volume of about 5%, 10% and 85%. The fluid contains desirable solids Fig. 9 [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].

Fig. 9
figure 9

Schematic representation of nanocarriers [24,25,26,27,28,29,30]

Through using Nanostructure and Nano-spaces in specific areas of study, Nanotechnology connects organic and physical sciences; in particular, in Nano-medicine as well as the drug distribution mechanism. Nanomaterials are a molecules between 1 and 100 Nanometers, which affects the periphery of Nano devices from biosensors, microfluidics, drug delivery and microarrays to tissue designs, etc. In nanoscale, Nanotechnology uses technologies to develop Nanomedicine. Targeted drug transport and Controlled drug delivery enhance the studies of kinetics, dynamics, imprecise toxicity, immunogenicity and biologically recognized frameworks that have advanced in their effectiveness [23].

2.1.1 Important points for the selection of Nanosuspension medications [31] may be studied

  • Molecules that are poorly dissolved and impenetrable.

  • Large atomic weight and dosage.

  • Problems with temperature.

2.1.2 Advantages of nanosuspension

Nanosuspension seeks to minimize aqueous dissolution, moderate penetration, and limited efficacy in regards to medications used at BCS levels between II and IV Table 1 [24].

  1. a.

    Nanosuspension should be used with medicines suffering complications in the formulation, as opposed to the lipophilic method.

  2. b.

    Reduction of particles to nanometer range enhances the solubility and bioavailability of drugs.

  3. c.

    The administration frequency of Nanosuspensions has decreased.

  4. d.

    Increased physical and chemical stability of Nanosuspension drugs.

  5. e.

    The effects are less caused by pharmaceutical excipients in Nanosuspension.

  6. f.

    Nanosuspension are suitable ophthalmic and nasal providers.

  7. g.

    Administering parenteral goods intramuscularly or subcutaneously by Nanosuspension their bioavailability enhances with minimal inflammation.

  8. h.

    The required crystalline particle condition can be obtained in Nanosuspension preparation.

  9. i.

    Nanosuspension facilitates and is cost-effective for large-scale operation [25,26,27,28].

Table 1 Advantages of Nano suspension over conventional formulation

2.2 Drug overview

While a number of clinical groups are approved medications using lipid detailing innovations, none are used for the better treatment of disease. Cardiovascular medicines are a most normal medicinal classification and constitute an enticing lipid formulation area of more than 100 FDA products. Because of their small size and low toxicity, nanosuspensions improve drug dispersibility and solubilization.

Nanosuspensions have been shown to improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability by means of the research presented in this reviews, So cardiovascular medicines have been recommended in the Nanosuspensions. Table 2 [29].

Table 2 Cardiovascular Drugs under BCS classification

Prevalence and incidence rates in cardiovascular [30]. The angina pectoris has a reduced flow of blood to the heart and therefore produces chest pain, much like a blockage in the heart. The Arrhythmia, a sporadic heart beat or a cardiac band, or a pulse that is too low 60 beats per minute, bradycardia or tachycardia, a rhythm which is too high 100 beats per minute, is known as excessive heart beating. Congenital coronary heart disease is a problem with the heart's ability and shape that occurs at birth and affects the heart muscle. The Cardiac attack occurs due to blockages in the supply of blood through the heart muscle as blood clots build in the arteries. A Cardiac failure arose owing to a progressive disease of pumping inability of the heart. Cardiomyopathy is a disorder in which a heart contraction finds it more difficult to transfer blood to the remainder of the body. The following are the different forms of cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs as a consequence of a blockage at one part of the heart for no apparent reason. Dilated cardiomyopathy is triggered by an artery blockage. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is caused by ventricle rigidity. The effect of elevated tension is broken heart syndrome [23,24,25,26,27]. Mitral reverse flux results from the reverse flux of the blood from the ventricle to the atrium and may also occur from the atrium to the lungs, leading to respiratory problems and straining the hearts muscles leads to arrhythmia. Atrial fibrillation is a form of erratic pulse with a fast heart rhythm that may lead to more serious heart complications. Rheumatic disease results from rheumatic fever that damages connective tissue, especially damaging heart valves. An Aneurysm is a condition in which a mass forms in an artery. The disease of arteriosclerosis involves cholesterol or other compounds plunging through and into the artery. In Raynaud's disease, arteries temporarily block blood supply, such as in cold weather, causing numbness in certain areas of the body. An ischemic stroke occurs as blood clots in a blood vessel in the brain. Buerger's disease is a rare infection that can trigger gangrene in the arteries and veins of the arms and legs [28,29,30].

2.3 Tremendency for nanosuspension

2.3.1 Bottom-up

Bottom-up Approach and Top-down Process are two methods for organizing Nanosuspension. In terms of planning, the bottom-up scale-up process employs the Precipitation methodology. The particles are acquired in an amorphous form in this method, which is from the atom stage to the solid object, by using techniques such as anti-solvent or temperature changes, or both depending on the necessity. This method produces particles dissolved in miscible anti-solvent and crystals; the only drawback is that the substance must be dissolved in more than one solvent [32,33,34,35,36].

2.3.2 Top-down

There are two forms of Top-Down strategies: Media Milling and High-Pressure Homogenization. Dry milling and Media milling: The Nanosuspension is prepared in this method by using a high-pressure mill to shorten particle weight. This mills are made up of tiny milling balls/spherical rotators, and the fluid drug is moved into this milling region at high pressure and controlled temperature, and the particle size is decreased due to centrifugal forces inside the mill. Glass, zirconium oxide, or massively cross-linked polystyrene resin was used to make the spherical rotators. For medications that are difficult to dissolve, Nanosuspension employs a dry grinding process. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and Cyclodextrin subsidiaries are among the dissolvable polymers and co-polymers used. Dry granulating is often cost-effective and can be performed without the use of organic solvents. It is the most widely used for the preparation of Nanosuspension of certain ineffectively water-insoluble drugs [37,38,39].

2.3.3 High-pressure homogenization

The particle size is limited in the high-pressure homogenization method by going through a small size pore at high pressure. The technique is based on the cavitation forces of drug particles in the fluid level. These forces are powerful enough to convert the drug from micro atoms to Nano atoms [40,41,42].

It is classified into two types such as,

  1. a.

    Disso Cubes (Homogenization in water media)

  2. b.

    Nano-Edge & Nano-Jet (Homogenization in lipophilic media)

2.3.4 Disso-cubes

In the piston-gap, homogenizing reduction in size relies on cavitation rules. Disso-Cubing was engineered to be homogenizing for piston-gap environments. Particles are being diminished by force and even by particle bombardment [43,44,45,46]. A thin void of 25 μm is abruptly filled by scattering in a chamber of 3 cm in diameter. The determining variable of the device is cavitation in the Disso-Cubes. The stream through a chamber is very steady under the law of Bernoulli. The drop in diameter from 3 cm to 25 μm raises dynamic pressure and reduces the static pressure below the water-water breakdown limit. Drug Nanocrystals are mostly based on variables such as temperature, no homogenization cycles and strain of homogenization. However, the drop in static pressure is not necessary for cavitation instead of water, oils or an oily boiling point to be homogenized to decrease the particle size and milling operation. The acquired results have been close to Disso-Cubes and thus should be used in milder conditions for thermo labile compounds [47,48,49].

2.3.5 Nanoedge

In Nanoedge technology, medication particles are dissolved in solvents that are dissolved and mixed with a precipitated anti-solvent and homogenized to limit the growth of crystals. The downside of this approach is that it can be corrected by the homogenization of long-term equilibrium. The mixture of precipitation, homogenization and evaporation is thus the Nanoedge and these approaches combine to produce smaller particle sizes and improved stability [50].

2.3.6 Nano jet

The technology uses a closed unit, which splits the Nanosuspension flow into segments and bombards each other at high pressure, which reduces the size of the particle due to this process. During this procedure, the strong shear pressure causes a reduction in particle size. M110L and M110S micro fluidizers are the instruments used in this Nano-jet. The main obstacle to this approach is the fluidizer that the element comprises smaller particles in a bigger division [51].

2.3.7 Solvent-evaporation technique

A drug is combined with the polymer solvent and the surfactant containing mixture is dissolved by the water. To precipitate the particles, an evaporation process is required. By going via high-pressure stirrers, crystal growth and production may be slowed [52].

2.3.8 Precipitation technique

The most well-known precipitation method is the anti-solvent procedure under which the compound is disintegrated into a solvent, which is organically dissolved and mixed with a miscible anti-solvent. The shapes of blending vary significantly [53,54,55].

2.3.9 Supercritical-fluid process

A supercritical fluid (SF) is commonly described as a liquid with a critical temperature (Tc) and considerable pressure (Tp). Nanosuspension is prepared using two processes: a rapid expansion of supercritical solution phase (RESS) and a supercritical anti-solvent process, followed by precipitation of the compressed anti-solvent process (PCA). As the solvent dries, the ions supersaturates and precipitate as fine crystals. The supercritical anti-solvent treatment employs a supercritical liquid in which a substance is ineffectively soluble, as well as a drug solvent that is often miscible with the supercritical liquid [56]. The disadvantages of the aforementioned techniques include the use of hazardous solvents, elevated levels of surfactants as opposed to other processes, and particle crystallization due to high super-saturation, which can result in undesirable polymorph [57,58,59].

2.4 Patents filed: nanotechnology patents Of 2018 at the USPO & EPO statistics

According to 2019 studies, the share of nanotechnology patents in total patents filed at two patent offices was relatively 2.5 percent to 3 percent, despite a slight increase in recent years. These statistics suggest that a significant proportion of scientific achievements in the fields of nanotechnology still remains at the level of scientific article publication [60].

2.5 Applications

2.5.1 Intravenous administration

The intravenous management route offers fast, quick, increased bioavailability and prevents metabolism at first passes. It is the preferred path for medicines not consumed or decayed in the GIT. Nanosuspension increases clinical efficiency and reduces cost-effectiveness by improving dosage proficiency and reduced infusion sizes.

2.5.2 Bio-accumulation improvement

The drug's low oral use rate is attributed to weak dissolvability, penetration, or durability inside the GIT. Nanosuspension addresses the issue of poor bioactivity by addressing the issues of weak dissolvability and weak membrane penetration. Higher bioavailability and long-term physical stability of Nanosuspension can improve therapeutic results. The drug's dissolvability improves as the surface area of the drug particles increases from micrometer to nanometer scale. The Nanosuspension increases disintegration of lyophilized Nanosuspension material in (90 percent in 20 min) association with rough powder disintegration in (15 percent in 20 min).

2.5.3 Pulmonary administration

Nanosuspension are electronic or ultrasonic nebulizers used for pulmonary medication distribution. Because of their Nano scale and the adhesives used in Nanosuspension, they have higher selectivity, less drug loss, and a longer residence period at the target point. Pulmonary Nanosuspension increase medication diffusion and disintegration, which improves bioaccumulation and predicts unintended drug deposition in the mouth and pharynx.

2.5.4 Ocular administration

Ocular drug delivery as a Nanosuspension has been concentrated to provide a gentle and long-lasting release of the prescription. For viable treatments, the incorporation of bio-degradable polymer induces delayed residual period in the eye sac. Drug Nanoparticle adhesives have been shown to reduce drug degradation.

2.5.5 Drug targeting

Nanosuspension may also be used for a targeted drug delivery mechanism by concentrating on the particle surface region, and adjusting the stabilizer can effectively change the in vivo behavior. The medications are soaked up by the phagocytic cell, allowing for drug targeting.

2.5.6 Mucoadhesive nanosuspension

As the suspension diffuses through the fluid media and rapidly reaches the mucosal surface, the Nanosuspension is controlled. Nanosuspension bind to the intestinal surface through "bio-adhesion," and the repository procedure begins immediately. The Nanosuspension adhesiveness aids in enhancing bioavailability while still adhering to the Noyes-Whitney state.

3 Conclusions

One of the main challenges is achieving a goal in finding an appropriate nanosuspension preparation approach with low energy input and erosion contamination, such as the bottom-up method and top-down method. This review dwells upon both top-down and bottom-up technologies for nanosuspension preparation. The characters and advantages of drug nanosuspension, corresponding to the characterization techniques, solidification methods, and drug delivery dosage forms, were discussed in detail. We conclude that the drugs which are belonging to the BCS CLASS II and IV were most eligible to prepare in the form of Nanosuspension so that solubility problems can be overcome and ultimately bioavailability also increase suspensions were also made. Higher bioavailability and long-term physical stability of Nanosuspension can improve therapeutic results. Nanosuspension increases clinical efficiency and reduces cost-effectiveness by improving dosage proficiency and reduced infusion sizes.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

PVP:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

HPMC:

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

nm:

Nanometers

BCA:

Bio pharmaceutics classification system

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Pilli, G.D., Elumalai, K., Muthukumar, V.A. et al. A revised analysis of current and emerging Nano suspension technological approaches for cardiovascular medicine. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 11, 10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-022-00193-4

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